Podcast Summary
Funding Podcasts Through Listener Support: Peter Attia relies on listener support for his podcast to maintain trust and advocate for products he genuinely endorses, offering exclusive benefits to ensure his supporters receive more value than they give.
Peter Attia has chosen to rely entirely on listener support for his podcast, rather than running ads. This decision is driven by two main reasons. Firstly, he values trust and believes that his audience may have a hard time trusting him if he is being paid by the companies he promotes. Secondly, he wants to advocate for products and services he truly believes in, and selling ads would require him to promote things he may not genuinely endorse. Instead, he has created a subscriber support model, where members receive exclusive benefits such as access to show notes, transcripts, and AMA episodes. Peter's goal is to ensure that his supporters receive more value than they give. He also plans to work with companies he already loves to offer his supporters the best deals possible.
Functional imaging techniques: Identifying early stages of diseases and understanding the brain's complexity for better healthcare.: Functional imaging techniques like PET and functional MRI can detect early signs of disease and provide insights into brain activity, helping physicians educate patients about their health.
Functional imaging techniques, such as PET and functional MRI, are crucial for identifying early stages of diseases that may not have visible structural changes in the brain. While traditional imaging methods provide anatomic resolution, functional studies offer insights into brain activity and can detect functional changes before any other signs of the disease manifest. This distinction is often misunderstood by patients, and it is important for physicians to educate them about the difference between these two types of studies. Additionally, the brain's complexity and brilliance are often underappreciated, as it holds a unique and significant role in regulating behavior and overall health.
The Brain: A Complex and Unique Organ: The brain's complex circuitry and redundant operations enable it to adapt, solve problems, and make decisions, selecting only the most successful solutions similar to NASA's approach for space missions.
The brain is a highly complex and unique organ compared to other organs in the body. Its functioning is more similar to that of an electrical engineer and a computer scientist rather than a traditional organ. The brain consists of numerous circuits that not only facilitate communication but also compute outcomes and guide the functioning of other tissues in the body. Unlike other organs, the brain operates in a redundant and parallel manner, maximizing communication and information processing. This redundancy allows the brain to adapt and develop new networks and circuitry, enabling it to solve problems and make decisions. The brain's convergence of multiple parallel systems ensures that only the most successful solutions are utilized, similar to how NASA selects the most repeated computations for space missions.
Variations in Nervous System Across Species.: The development of specific brain networks differs among species, enabling different levels of information processing and behavior.
The structure and functioning of the nervous system varies across different species. While mammals and primates, including humans, share a similar basic plan, the differences lie in the development of specific brain networks. As we move down the evolutionary chain, simpler organisms like reptiles and amphibians have a larger midbrain, while the cerebral cortex becomes dominant in mammals. Information processing in the nervous system occurs through parallel stages, with each stage adding new pieces of information. Reflexes, such as the knee-jerk response, occur at the lowest level of response outside the brain. However, higher-level processing and decision-making occur in the midbrain and thalamus, allowing for complex behaviors and inhibiting immediate responses.
The Role of the Cerebral Cortex and Misconceptions about Alzheimer's Disease: Understanding how the cerebral cortex controls movement and reassessing our understanding of Alzheimer's disease are crucial for progress in research and treatment.
The cerebral cortex plays a crucial role in inhibiting responses and allowing for selective activation. The brain controls movements by inhibiting all possible vectors of movement and then releasing some of them through inhibitory signals. This level of control helps individuals have more precise and intentional movements rather than simply emulating vectors. In terms of disease, most pathologies in the brain occur in the cerebral cortex, including dementia and degenerative disorders like Alzheimer's disease. The conventional thinking on Alzheimer's disease has not led to significant progress in prevention or treatment, possibly due to a misinterpretation of an initial observation made by Louis Alzheimer in 1907. It is important to reassess and reevaluate our understanding of the disease to make meaningful advancements in research and treatment.
Debunking Misconceptions about Alzheimer's Disease: Alzheimer's disease is primarily an aging-related disease, with misconceptions about it primarily affecting younger individuals. Understanding the disease's true nature can aid in prevention and treatment.
Alzheimer's disease is often misunderstood and misinterpreted. There was a historical competition between two groups studying dementia, with one group led by Oscar Fisher, who described the abnormalities seen in younger individuals with senile dementia. However, rivalries and biases led to the misconception that Alzheimer's primarily affects younger people and is unrelated to aging. In reality, Alzheimer's is primarily an aging-related disease, with only a small percentage of cases being early-onset or familial. The dominant amyloid beta hypothesis, which focuses on abnormal proteins, is false and does not reflect what is seen in older individuals with dementia. Understanding the true nature of Alzheimer's disease can help identify risk factors and interventions for prevention and treatment.
Reconsidering the Role of Amyloid Beta in Alzheimer's Disease: Amyloid beta may not be the sole cause or indicator of Alzheimer's disease, leading to the need for a broader understanding of the complexities involved in its development and progression.
The prevailing belief regarding the role of amyloid beta in Alzheimer's disease may be flawed. While there is evidence to support the causal role of amyloid beta in early onset Alzheimer's disease, this correlation does not hold true for late-onset cases. The presence of amyloid beta deposition does not necessarily indicate the development of cognitive impairment or the progression of the disease. Furthermore, examining the brains of individuals who were cognitively normal but showed amyloid and neurofibrillary tangles challenges the assumption that these markers are definitive indicators of Alzheimer's. This highlights the need to consider other factors and complexities involved in the development and progression of Alzheimer's disease, calling into question the singular focus on molecular biology in research.
Amyloid beta alone cannot accurately determine the presence of dementia in Alzheimer's patients.: The presence of amyloid beta does not always mean that a person has dementia, and other factors such as functional disconnection may contribute to cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease.
The majority of patients diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease have the same level of amyloid beta deposition, regardless of whether they exhibit dementia symptoms or not. The presence of amyloid beta alone cannot accurately determine the presence of dementia. Pathology is an approximation and relies on a limited number of brain sections, making it difficult to distinguish between demented and non-demented individuals based on histopathologic features alone. Additionally, research has shown that patients in the early stages of cognitive decline or mild neurocognitive disorder exhibit hypometabolism in the posterior cingulate cortex, a region that provides input to the entorhinal cortex and hippocampal formation. This functional disconnection may contribute to the cognitive decline observed in Alzheimer's disease.
The Role of Functional Changes in Memory Deficits: Understanding the impact of functional changes in the brain is crucial for comprehending memory deficits in diseases like Alzheimer's, as structural damage alone may not fully explain the underlying phenomena.
Functional changes in the brain, rather than just structural damage, play a crucial role in memory deficits associated with diseases like Alzheimer's. When a region in the brain is functionally denervated or deactivated, it can lead to atrophy and memory problems. The brain operates as a network of pathways and influences, and studying the end result of pathology may not reveal the true underlying phenomena. It is important to understand that memory formation is a result of a complex system involving multiple brain regions, such as the hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, mammillary bodies, and thalamus. Damage to any part of this circuit system can result in memory diseases. In the early stages of dementia, the inability to form new short-term memories (antegrade amnesia) may be a bigger issue before retrograde amnesia sets in.
Understanding the Different Stages of Memory and Their Impacts: Memory functions are categorized into stages, with immediate memory being the most affected in conditions like Alzheimer's and dementia. Retrograde memory problems can occur when the transition to more permanent memory is disrupted. Awareness of cognitive changes is essential for intervention.
Memory functions can be categorized into different stages, with immediate memory being the first and most affected in conditions like Alzheimer's and dementia. Immediate memory is limited and can only hold a small amount of information for a short period of time. However, memories can be transferred to a more recent memory mode through the prefrontal cortex, allowing them to become more permanent. This transition is aided by repetition and exposure to the same information. Retrograde memory problems arise when this circuit is disrupted, causing difficulties in remembering previously learned information. Family members tend to notice these memory deficits later, while patients become concerned earlier on. Differentiating between normal age-related decline and pathological memory impairment can be challenging, but individuals and their immediate partners are often more aware of changes in cognitive performance. Intervening and targeting the prefrontal cortex can be crucial in addressing these memory decline issues.
The Role of Compromised Circulation in Alzheimer's Disease: Decreased blood supply to the brain, caused by vascular changes, could be a contributing factor to the increasing prevalence of Alzheimer's disease, suggesting the need for further research in this area.
Alzheimer's disease, particularly late-onset dementia, is becoming more common. Despite the increase in human longevity, the rate of growth of Alzheimer's is disproportionate, indicating a real increase in the disease. Francisco Gonzalez suggests that compromised circulation to the brain, specifically chronic hypoperfusion, could be a contributing factor to this increase. It is known that between the ages of 22 to 60, there is a decrease of about 20% in blood supply to the brain. Vascular changes at both macroscopic and microscopic levels, including intimal thickening of the carotid artery, play a role in cognitive decline. Although one would expect a nonlinear relationship between intimal thickening and perfusion, it remains linear. Further research into the vascular hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease is needed to better understand its underlying mechanisms.
The Impact of High Blood Pressure on Vascular Systems: Controlling high blood pressure is crucial to minimize the risk of vascular damage and related complications. Maintain a systolic blood pressure below 120 mmHg and a diastolic pressure below 80 mmHg for optimal outcomes.
High blood pressure can lead to significant damage in both macro and microvascular systems. When blood pressure increases, the body tries to compensate by increasing perfusion. However, this can cause the walls of arteries to thicken and become irregular, resulting in turbulence and the formation of plaques. This turbulence causes white blood cells, like macrophages, to aggregate and stick to the endothelial walls, compromising microcirculation. Moreover, high blood pressure puts additional mechanical pressure on the endothelial walls, leading to extravasation and further damage. Recent clinical trials suggest that maintaining a systolic blood pressure below 120 mmHg and a diastolic pressure below 80 mmHg yields the best outcomes. Therefore, it is important to control high blood pressure to minimize the risk of vascular pathology and related complications.
The Role of Total Cholesterol in Vascular Hypoperfusion: Lowering total cholesterol may not significantly impact chronic hypoperfusion in the brain, but detecting and addressing vascular problems can improve cardiovascular and brain health.
There is a misconception in medicine that lowering total cholesterol can significantly impact the progression of vascular hypo perfusion. While total cholesterol is important in heart disease, it does not play as significant a role in the chronic hypoperfusion seen in the brain. This chronic hypoperfusion can occur due to both cardiovascular causes, such as heart failure, and cerebral vascular disease, leading to stroke. Detecting and addressing these vascular problems can improve cardiovascular and brain health. The epidemiology shows that age is strongly associated with both Alzheimer's disease and cardiovascular disease. However, further research is needed to determine the specific role of hypertension and cardiometabolic disease in these conditions. Ultimately, the main purpose of circulation is to bring oxygen to the tissues for optimal tissue oxygenation.
The Importance of Electron Transport Chain and Oxidative Phosphorylation in Mitochondria: Interrupting the activity of the electron transport chain can have serious consequences as it is essential for generating ATP, which is crucial for cellular energy.
The electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation are crucial processes for generating chemical energy in mitochondria. These processes rely on the reduction of oxygen to water and the donation of electrons from NADH and FADH. The electron transport chain consists of four complexes, with complex 1 being the largest and spanning both the inner and outer membrane. Interrupting the activity of these complexes even for a short period can be detrimental to life. The purpose of the chemistry involved in food digestion is to generate electron donors that can contribute to the electron transport chain. This ultimately leads to the creation of an electron gradient and the production of ATP, which is essential for cellular energy.
The importance of mitochondria in energy production and oxygen supply: Maintaining a proper oxygen supply is vital for optimal mitochondrial function, which is essential for energy production in all organisms.
The mitochondria play a crucial role in converting chemical energy into electrical energy and vice versa. This conversion is essential for all organisms that use oxygen to obtain energy. Even red blood cells, which do not have mitochondria, still rely on cytochrome oxidase to generate ATP. When the circulation is compromised and oxygen supply decreases, electron transfer and energy production become impaired. This leads to feelings of energy deprivation, increased food consumption (especially of simple carbohydrates), and a lack of energy production in the brain. The chronic and insidious changes caused by hypoxia ultimately impact the mitochondria's ability to facilitate electron transfer, highlighting the importance of maintaining proper oxygen supply for optimal mitochondrial function.
Flexibility and Recovery of the Mitochondrial System: The mitochondrial system, specifically complex 4, can adjust and recover based on demand, offering potential insights for health conditions such as Alzheimer's disease.
The mitochondrial system, specifically complex 4, is an inducible system that can be regulated based on demand. This means that it is not irreversible and can be adjusted in response to various factors. Complex 4 has more flexibility compared to the other complexes, making it the preferred modulator of the system. Additionally, this conversation explains that even in cases of ischemia, the mitochondrial system can recover and become functional again through induction. The significance of this finding is particularly evident in the study of Alzheimer's disease, where the inhibition of cytochrome oxidase has been identified as a major problem. Understanding the regulation and inducibility of the mitochondrial system can potentially lead to insights and interventions for various health conditions.
Cyanide's Varying Effects: From Lethal to Cognitive Impairment: Cyanide, at lower doses, can cause functional hypoperfusion leading to Alzheimer's-like conditions and cognitive impairment, challenging the traditional understanding of Alzheimer's disease.
Cyanide, while potent enough to kill even in trace amounts, can also have varying degrees of reduction in its ability to kill depending on the dose. In fact, at a low enough dose, cyanide can induce a functional hypoperfusion without killing the organism, leading to conditions like Alzheimer's at a chronic illness level. By partially restricting blood vessels to the brain, cytokormoxides can be downregulated, affecting mitochondria respiration and ATP production, resulting in cognitive impairment. Behaviorally, the animals may appear normal, but when tested with memory challenges, they struggle. This model, although overshadowed by the amyloid and tangles hypothesis, offers insights into studying Alzheimer's disease in animals and suggests that amyloid beta may not be a reliable indicator of these processes.
Mitochondrial dysfunction and energy shortage contribute to neurodegenerative disorders like dementia and Alzheimer's disease.: Impaired mitochondrial function and energy supply in the brain lead to cognitive problems, memory deficits, and ultimately cell death, highlighting the importance of addressing these issues in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders.
Compromised mitochondrial function and energy supply play a significant role in neurodegenerative disorders like dementia and Alzheimer's disease. The brain, being the most energy-demanding organ, is highly vulnerable to a reduction in available energy. The reliance on oxidative phosphorylation without an anaerobic escape route further adds to the brain's susceptibility. The impaired supply of oxygen and toxic insults to the mitochondria can lead to the down regulation of cytochrome oxidase and the inability to use oxygen for energy generation. This ultimately results in cognitive problems and memory deficits. Additionally, the interaction between different brain regions and the distributed nature of memory functions make neurodegenerative disorders initially appear as memory problems. Ultimately, the loss of mitochondrial machinery leads to cell death. The extent of defective mitophagy and autophagy in later stages of Alzheimer's is not fully understood but may contribute to the accumulation of damaged mitochondria and the release of mitochondrial DNA.
Potential interventions and considerations for slowing down mitochondrial dysfunction and addressing risk factors in dementia.: Mitochondrial respiration plays a crucial role in various forms of dementia, and targeting it with interventions like mitophagy and electron donors may help mitigate damage caused by dysfunctional mitochondria.
There are potential interventions that can curb the progression of damage caused by mitochondrial dysfunction. Increasing mitophagy or autophagy could help slow down the feed forward loop that accelerates this damage. However, it may be too late to intervene once the machinery for obtaining energy is compromised. Risk factors related to cardiovascular compromise, such as atherosclerosis and generalized trauma to the brain, are important considerations for intervention. There may also be overlap between chronic traumatic encephalopathy and dementia, which can be caused by blows to the head and affect the midbrain and upper brain stem. Mitochondrial respiration appears to be a common denominator in different forms of dementia, making it a potential target for intervention. One approach is using compounds like metal and blue that act as electron donors in mitochondrial respiration.
The Versatile Role of Methylene Blue in Electron Transport and Mitochondrial Function: Methylene blue has the ability to bypass blockages in the electron transport chain, making it a potential alternative route for electron transport. It also has potential applications in mitochondrial staining, but caution is needed at higher doses.
Methylene blue, a synthetic dye, has the ability to bypass a bottleneck in the electron transport chain and still allow the transport of electrons. This finding is significant because it suggests that even if a crucial component of the electron transport chain is blocked, methylene blue can serve as an alternate route for electron transport. This discovery has been demonstrated in animal models, specifically in the retina and brain. The history of methylene blue is also fascinating, as it originated as a synthetic dye used in clothing during the industrial revolution. Additionally, at low concentrations, methylene blue has an affinity for redox reactions that occur in mitochondria, making it a potential tool for mitochondrial staining. However, caution must be taken at higher doses, as it can compete with oxygen and become toxic.
The Bimodal Functional Response of Methylene Blue and its Diverse Applications: Methylene blue can be used to prevent or rescue from methemoglobinemia at low doses, treat urinary bladder infections by increasing its concentration in the bladder, and potentially treat malaria.
Methylene blue has a bimodal functional response, meaning it has opposite effects at low and high concentrations. At low doses, methylene blue can be used to prevent or rescue from methemoglobinemia, a condition where the oxygen-binding capacity of hemoglobin is reduced. However, at higher concentrations, it can induce methemoglobinemia. Additionally, methylene blue can be used to treat urinary bladder infections by increasing its concentration in the bladder and becoming oxidative, eliminating bacteria and viruses. It also has potential as a treatment for malaria, as it can affect the enzyme of the parasite that causes the disease. Overall, methylene blue has diverse applications and can be used in both therapeutic and preventative measures.
Methylene blue: From textile dye to medical breakthrough: Methylene blue, originally a textile dye, became the first antipsychotic medication and has been used for over a century for various purposes, despite facing challenges in gaining FDA approval. It holds potential for diverse medical applications.
Methylene blue, the first synthetic chemical used for medicinal purposes, had a major breakthrough in medical research. It was initially used as a textile dye, but its synthetic derivatives were found to have medicinal properties. One derivative, called chlorpromazine, became the first antipsychotic medication and revolutionized psychiatric treatment. However, methylene blue's potential uses extend beyond mental health. It has been used for over 120 years for various purposes, including treating malaria and protecting the brain during chemotherapy. Despite its proven effectiveness, methylene blue faces challenges in gaining FDA approval due to its lack of patentability, which discourages pharmaceutical companies from investing in its research and development. Nonetheless, its availability in some countries and through the internet allows for potential utilization.
Misunderstandings and Impurities: The Complexities of Methylene Blue: Methylene blue has potential benefits for dementia treatment, but its reputation has been tarnished by misunderstandings, impurities, and misrepresentations by certain companies and researchers.
Methylene blue, a chemical compound, has potential benefits but has been misunderstood and misrepresented in certain studies. It is more stringent in the US compared to the European Midland Blue variant, and there are concerns about impurities in some versions of the compound. The compound LMTM, which is a derivative of methylene blue, was the subject of a controversial trial for dementia treatment. The trial failed to show a difference in neuroimaging outcomes but did show potential cognitive function benefits in a subset of patients receiving LMTM monotherapy. However, the results may have been influenced by the combination of LMTM with other drugs. The misunderstandings and misrepresentation of methylene blue by certain companies and researchers have undermined its potential benefits and hindered further exploration.
Flawed Studies and Ineffective Drugs in Alzheimer's Research: Critical evaluation of data and established hypotheses is crucial for progress in Alzheimer's research and finding effective treatment options for patients.
The initial studies on the effectiveness of methylene blue for tau aggregation in Alzheimer's disease were flawed and misleading. The researchers manipulated and misrepresented their data to support their hypothesis, even though it contradicted their actual findings. This is similar to what has been happening with the amyloid hypothesis in Alzheimer's research. Furthermore, the commonly prescribed drugs for Alzheimer's, such as cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine, have been proven to be ineffective and even harmful. Countries like the UK have banned these drugs due to evidence of their ineffectiveness and counterproductive nature. It is essential to critically examine the data and question established hypotheses to ensure progress in Alzheimer's research and provide better treatment options for patients.
Exploring Treatments and Interventions for Neurodegenerative Diseases: Memantine shows promise in preventing cell damage, but rescuing dysfunctional cells may not be beneficial. Further research is needed on using infrared light to improve cellular function, with safety considerations for longer wavelengths.
There is ongoing research into finding effective treatments for neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's. The use of memantine has shown promise in preventing some cytotoxicity in hippocampal cells. However, rescuing functionally incompetent cells may not be productive in the long run and could potentially cause more damage. The challenge lies in triangulating between neurobiology, anatomy, functional signaling, and clinical outcomes. Additionally, there is excitement around using infrared light to intervene with mitochondrial respiration, which could potentially improve oxygen consumption and cellular function. The safety of using longer wavelengths, such as 1064 nanometers, needs to be further studied, but they have shown the ability to penetrate tissues to some degree.
Different Approaches to Treating Brain Conditions: Prevention is key to maintaining overall well-being, as it is essential to focus on prevention rather than treatment for individuals at risk of dementia.
The use of transcranial stimulation with near-infrared light and the administration of methylene blue are separate approaches in treating brain-related conditions. The near-infrared light stimulates the electron transport in the gray matter layer of the cortex, aiding in the redox changes and increasing the enzyme's affinity to bind oxygen. On the other hand, methylene blue can be injected into specific regions and activated with light to kill cells, making it useful for certain conditions like cancer or viral infections. When it comes to administering methylene blue, oral administration is safer and allows for slower release, making it suitable for various applications, including malaria treatment. Prevention is crucial, as the discussion highlights that focusing on prevention rather than treating clinically evident dementia is essential for the overall well-being of individuals at risk.
Taking preventative measures for cardiovascular health and understanding the brain's unique needs are key to overall well-being.: The brain's ability to receive energy declines with age, but the ketogenic diet and exogenous ketones can help provide alternative sources of energy and support brain health.
Preventative measures should be taken by everyone, regardless of their risk level for cardiovascular disease. Lowering smoking, blood pressure, and managing lipoproteins are important for heart health. However, the brain has unique needs, especially when it comes to glucose transport. As the brain ages, the transport of glucose is affected, making it harder for the brain to receive the energy it needs. The ketogenic diet can help by facilitating mitochondrial respiration and providing an alternative source of energy in the form of ketone bodies. Supplementing with exogenous ketones may also be beneficial. Understanding the metabolic needs of the brain and finding ways to support it, such as through diet and potentially pharmacological interventions, is crucial for overall health.
Addressing cognitive decline and metabolic syndrome through a multi-faceted approach: By targeting the prefrontal cortex, making dietary changes, and utilizing fasting and ketogenesis, individuals can effectively address cognitive decline and improve metabolic health.
Addressing cognitive decline and metabolic syndrome in older individuals requires a multi-faceted approach. Francisco Gonzalez explains that one way to target cognitive difficulties is by focusing on the prefrontal cortex, which can be accessed through the forehead. Additionally, dietary changes can help with insulin resistance and glucose regulation, as high glucose levels can lead to insulin release and metabolic syndrome. Peter Attia adds that starvation, at a cellular level, can lead to functional starvation even in the presence of obesity. They discuss the importance of fasting and ketogenesis in utilizing body fat for energy, particularly for the brain. By combining approaches like fasting, transcranial laser stimulation, and dietary changes, individuals may be able to mitigate cognitive decline and improve metabolic health.
Neglected Potential: Brain Injury Treatments underfunded due to patent issues: Lack of interest and funding for promising brain injury treatments like methylene blue raises doubts about future clinical trials and the realization of potential solutions.
There are promising potential treatments for brain injuries and cognitive impairments that are not receiving enough attention and funding due to issues with patentability and profitability. Francisco Gonzalez and Peter Attia discuss the benefits of using methylene blue as a rest agent during traumatic brain injury, as it has shown the ability to salvage and rescue some of the damage caused by the insult. However, there is a lack of interest from pharmaceutical companies and the National Institute of Aging due to the inability to patent the medication and make profits. Clinical trials are needed to further study the efficacy of methylene blue, but without sufficient investment, it is uncertain if these trials will occur, leaving potential solutions untapped.
Embracing Differences and Success in Business: Success in business is possible for everyone, but it's crucial to be mindful of different perspectives and consider the cosmetic aspect of products or ideas. Medical advice should always come from healthcare professionals.
While companies may imitate each other, there is enough room for everyone to succeed. However, it is important to consider the cosmetic aspect and understand that not everyone may accept certain aspects of a product or idea. The discussion between Francisco Gonzalez and Peter Attia has been enlightening and educational, providing valuable insights for the listeners as well. Show notes with references to papers, a link to Jack's book, and other related materials will be provided, giving further resources for those interested. Peter also offers additional information through his website and social media platforms, allowing people to stay updated on his work and interesting topics such as longevity, science, performance, and sleep. It is important to note that the podcast and its content should not be taken as medical advice, and users should always consult healthcare professionals for any medical conditions. Transparency regarding conflicts of interest is also emphasized by Peter.
