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    #331 – Balaji Srinivasan: How to Fix Government, Twitter, Science, and the FDA

    enOctober 20, 2022

    Podcast Summary

    • Challenging and Expanding Our Understanding of RealityOur perception of reality may be completely detached from physical reality and more like a video game, raising fascinating questions and offering new possibilities for exploration.

      Humans have long wondered about the nature of reality, and what is fundamental to our universe.In the modern era, physicists have started to ask questions about whether space-time and time itself are emergent, rather than fundamental.Donald Hoffman takes this idea one step further, suggesting that the reality we perceive is actually completely detached from physical reality, and more like a video game.This is a mind-boggling concept, but it raises fascinating questions and may open up new avenues of exploration.It is clear that our understanding of reality is constantly being challenged and expanded.

    • Exploring the Unknown Through Math and PhysicsMath and physics can help us better understand our universe and the possibilities that lie beyond it.

      The universe is a vast and complex place, and it can be difficult to comprehend.Math is surprisingly useful in understanding the world around us, and by using equations, we can create artificial eyes, ears, and recording devices.We can build things that can sense reality directly, and yet there are still unsolved problems in physics.Donald Hoffman suggests that we don't need to sense reality directly and evolution has produced a brain that can perceive the environment.There is still debate over whether our perception of reality is real or not, and whether there are civilizations out there in the universe.We may never know the answer, but it's important to consider all possibilities and to keep exploring the unknown.

    • Unlocking the Mysteries of LifeWith the right tools and research, we may one day be able to demonstrate micro-evolution, artificial selection, biogenesis and create a silicon based life form, unlocking the mysteries of life.

      The mystery of life has captivated scientists for centuries.Through advances in biochemistry and technology, we are now able to show micro-evolution, artificial selection and other aspects of life.However, biogenesis, the transition from non-life to life, has yet to be demonstrated in the lab.There is also the possibility of creating a silicon based life form, outside of traditional carbon-based life.These mysteries remain unsolved, but with the right tools and research, we may one day unlock their secrets and unlock a better understanding of life.

    • Understanding the Complex Concept of LifeAdvancements in AI have complicated the concept of life and raised ethical questions on how AI should be treated.

      The concept of life is a complex one, and it can be difficult to define.Advancements in AI have only further complicated the issue.Francis Crick proposed that the Claustrum, a sheath that covers the brain, could be the organ that is the seat of consciousness, and disruption of it can disorient a mouse.Watson and Crick suggested that structure implies function, and this could apply at the level of organs as well.The definition of life is a big question, and perhaps the best definition is one that is accepted by humans.Chat bots and AI could potentially be so sophisticated that they would be capable of suffering and protesting if humans tried to turn them off, which raises the question of how they should be treated.These issues will certainly need to be addressed in the future.

    • Learning and Developing with Humans and MachinesMachines can be programmed to mimic human behavior, but to create a truly convincing human-like artificial intelligence, data needs to be collected and algorithms need to be created to perform tasks.

      Humans and machines can both learn and develop in different ways.Computers, for example, can be programmed to mimic human behavior, like with the 'I'm not a robot' click box.To create a truly convincing human-like artificial intelligence, it needs to go beyond the traditional Turing test and be able to perform tasks such as scheduling Zoom meetings, sending emails, and earning money.This requires collecting large amounts of data to analyze and create algorithms to perform these tasks.It may seem daunting, but with the right approach and dedication, it can be done.

    • Achieving a More Perfect Society Through Patience and CollaborationTraditional governments can help a nation strive and grow. With patience and collaboration, we can incrementally improve our existing governments and take steps towards a more perfect society.

      The idea of starting a new government may seem appealing, but tradition can be powerful.Struggling and journeying together through generations can help a nation strive and grow towards the truth.It takes time and effort, but we can incrementally improve our existing governments and take steps towards a more perfect society.Through patience and collaboration, we can move towards a better future.

    • A Balance Between Tradition and InnovationMigration patterns give us an indication of the desirability of different states, similarly to the trading pairs in the currency world that give us information about the relative value of different currencies.

      It is important to remember the value of tradition and innovation in life.The transition from hunter-gatherers to farmers and soldiers brought stability but at the cost of a lower quality of life.We are now in the era of digital nomads who are exploring, pioneering, wandering and innovating.Instead of trying to fix a system which is hundreds of years old, it is important to focus on building a new system.Migration patterns give us an indication of where people prefer to live and thus the desirability of different states.This is similar to trading pairs in the currency world which give us information about the relative value of different currencies.

    • Striving for a Balance between American Experiment and Modern WorldBooks can be a snapshot of human knowledge, but they can also be ever-evolving and dynamic by creating a subscription service for book updates, allowing authors to keep their work relevant and encouraging lifelong learning.

      The founding fathers of America, although young, made a huge impact on the country by creating a proposition nation.The idea of innovation and progress is still alive today, and we can go further to Mars and even end death.However, there are also critiques of government that need to be addressed in order to make further advancements.We need to strive for a balance between the American experiment and our modern world.Books can be a snapshot of human knowledge, but they can also be ever-evolving and dynamic.This is possible by creating a subscription service for book updates, allowing authors to keep their work relevant and encouraging lifelong learning.

    • Creating an Online Community for Collective ActionDeveloping an online community with a capacity for collective action is a great way to learn and grow. Network state is an example of this, combining the alignment of a company with the scale of a community, allowing people to share ideas, get help from each other, and take collective action.

      Having an online community with a capacity for collective action is a powerful and effective way to learn and grow.It is important to create an environment that is highly aligned, where everyone can work together efficiently, crowdfund ideas, and gain recognition and support.This could be done through micro-lessons, checklists, and newsletters.The network state is a perfect example of this, combining the alignment of a company with the scale of a community.It creates a platform for people to share ideas, get help from each other, and take collective action.This is an invaluable learning tool for anyone looking to grow and create something meaningful.

    • Creating a Highly Aligned Online CommunityBuilding a successful online community requires skills like giving and getting, helping others, and creating a karma economy, while also having focus and using the right tools to create and manage the community.

      Building a successful online community requires a variety of skills.It is necessary to give and get, help others and create a karma economy.This could be like an activist group or a gathering of people with a shared goal.To gain collective action, it is important to have a thousand people that can come together and support a tweet or a cause.Additionally, it is important to have focus rather than become overwhelmed by the randomness of the internet.Finally, platforms like Discord and Slack can be used to help create and manage the community and culture.With the right tools and the right support, a highly aligned online community can be created.

    • Navigating Social Media for Learning and ExpressionSocial media platforms offer various ways to learn and express oneself, but moderation and privacy are key components to consider.

      We can use social media to both learn and express ourselves.Twitter, for example, is like a library and a battlefield, where one can find knowledge and engage in debates.Facebook is more difficult to navigate, as it is a semi-private platform where items can go beyond one's friend circle.Reddit has a combination of global and individual forums, where moderation is vital for a healthy environment.Discord and Slack enable us to jump between communities, with the latter historically discouraging public profiles.The use of pseudonyms on platforms such as Discord adds an extra layer of privacy and protection, allowing users to express their opinions without the fear of personal consequence.

    • Creating Digital Identities Through PseudonymityPeople now have the ability to create a public and private persona online, allowing for anonymous or pseudo-anonymous identities. This is bringing a new era of decentralization to human history.

      People now have the power to create their own digital identities.They can choose to be anonymous or create a username that is pseudo-anonymous and has reputation over time.Pseudonymity is a form of decentralization, allowing people to create a public and private persona.This is a new era in human history, providing an encrypted way for people to choose who they want to be online.

    • Cryptocurrency: The Answer to Search Resistant IdentitiesBy using pseudonyms and cryptocurrency, identities can be made search resistant and safe from being exposed or canceled. This allows for a global level of equality of opportunity.

      Cryptocurrency has enabled us to have search resistant identities that can't be indexed or pulled up.This allows us to present only the necessary self for different purposes without being discriminated against or canceled.Blind auditions, banning the box, and implicit bias are all concepts that can be combined to create pseudonyms for a level of global equality of opportunity.By using pseudonyms, state names are no longer an issue as they give too much or too little information, as well as being vulnerable to hacks.This way, we can be our full selves without the risk of being exposed or canceled.

    • Finding a Balance between Privacy and KYCAn Ethereum Name Service (ENS) address could be used as an identifier instead of real names, giving people the opportunity to choose how much information they share online and the ability to change their online identity when needed.

      It is important to ensure compliance with regulations.However, there should be a balance between privacy and know your customer (KYC).We must remember that governments are not infallible and can be hacked.Personal information such as names and addresses can give away too much information and make people vulnerable to criminals.We want to be able to trust the online world, so a more suitable identifier than real names is needed.An Ethereum Name Service (ENS) address could be used instead, where a person can pay, message, look up and download easily.As the internet continues to evolve, surnames could become as informative as traditional surnames, such as Smith or Potter.People should be able to choose how much information they share online and have the opportunity to change their online identity if needed.

    • The Moral Tradeoff between Centralization and Abuse of PowerIt is important to be aware of the potential dangers of centralization and to recognize when it should be decentralized to create a balance that creates stability and reduces the potential for abuse.

      Centralized power can be a dangerous tool, as history has taught us.In the twentieth century, oppressive states used lists of "undesirables" to commit organized murders on a large scale.The issue is the moral tradeoff between the potential benefits of centralization and the potential abuse of power.Even today, some states are creating surveillance states, with the potential for more organized abuse.It is important to be aware of the potential dangers of centralization, and to recognize when it should be decentralized, to create a balance that creates stability and reduces the potential for abuse.

    • Technology: A Choice of Good and BadTechnology can be used for either good or bad, and it is up to us to decide how to use it and manifest our preferences.

      This story could go something like this: Technology can be used for good or bad things.It's like a rule that applies to any technology, from a hammer to the internet.Movies and books can be both cautionary tales and inspirations, showing us the good and the bad.We have a choice of how to use technology and we can modulate that choice with loyalty.We can vote with our wallets, our ballots and our feet, and this manifests our preferences.We can either try to reform the system or exit it and build a new one.Ultimately, it's up to us to decide what to do.

    • Unleashing the Power of Digital Nomads to Make the Most of Our LivesThe internet has given us a greater level of individual empowerment and the ability to be digital nomads, exploring the world and discovering new experiences, which can be used to make the most of our lives.

      The internet has given us a whole new level of individual empowerment.We can now comparison shop, switch apps, and configure our digital experiences, all with the click of a button.We have the power to be digital nomads, exploring the world and discovering new experiences, something that was not accessible to us in the 1950s.The microeconomic leverage we have today, with the ability to move around and make our own decisions, allows us to make the most of our lives.

    • Connecting Across Cultures Through TechnologyTechnology can be used to create opportunities for meaningful connection and understanding between people from different backgrounds. We should be aware of the potential for people to act in hurtful ways when engaging with others online and encourage kindness and understanding.

      Technology has enabled us to travel the world virtually.We can now connect with people across the world, something that would have been impossible before.This has had both positive and negative impacts.On one hand, it can create more empathy and understanding between people from different cultures and backgrounds.On the other hand, it can lead to people acting in cruel and hurtful ways, particularly when they can hide behind anonymity.We need to be aware of this and encourage people to be kind and understanding when engaging with others online.There is no substitute for meaningful connection and the understanding that comes with it.Technology should be used to create opportunities for humans to connect and learn from each other.

    • Building Equity in a Network State Through Collective ActionLiving in a network state requires more than just a digital connection; physical connections and collective action are key when building a decentralized state-like entity.

      Living in a network state means being connected to people who share your values and goals.Together, you can take collective action, like crowdfunding territory and eventually start to build equity.To get to this point, you need to do more than just liking a tweet.You need to meet up and get to know each other first, then you can start to get a network effect.This could be things like people learning a language in an immersion environment.The physical connection of living together gives an added benefit that a purely digital connection can’t.In this way, you can build a decentralized state-like entity that is connected by the internet.

    • Having a Territory is Essential for Harmonious LivingHaving a territory allows people to come together to form voluntary communities which respect everyone's right to choose, and by having 100% democracy, it ensures that everyone agrees on the same leader and decisions.

      Having a territory is important because as human beings, we are still physical creatures.We can't reproduce digitally yet and many things still require physical presence.To achieve consensus and build a harmonious society, people come together to form voluntary communities, which respects everyone's right to choose and be part of it.These communities are open to the world and they strive to show what virtuous living looks like.They export goods to the rest of the world and invite people to join them.Having 100% democracy is more desirable than 51% democracy, as it ensures that everyone agrees on the leader and the decisions taken.

    • Connecting Disconnected Communities Through Start-up CitiesTechnology advancements have made it possible for disconnected communities around the world to connect online and form “startup cities”, which can gain diplomatic recognition from preexisting states and become a part of a global network of startups.

      Technology advancements, such as Starlink, have made it possible for previously disconnected communities around the world to connect online.This allows for collective action and the opportunity for people to come together to create "startup cities".These cities are built on horizontal sprawl and are powered by mobile homes.Companies like Greco are helping to make this possible by providing resources and infrastructure.These cities can gain diplomatic recognition from preexisting states, making them part of a global network of startups.These advancements are opening up a world of opportunities for communities that were previously disconnected, and the possibilities are endless.

    • Building a State on Ideas and Achieving Independence NonviolentlyNations must strive for peace and justice and use books and other mediums to share ideas and create a better future for everyone.

      Theodor Herzl wrote a book in 1897 titled 'The Jewish State' which put forward the concept of building a state for the Jewish people.This book led to the foundation of Israel and serves as an example of how a book can lead to a state.India also achieved independence nonviolently and have managed to create a multicultural democracy where human rights are respected.These two examples prove that a state can be built on ideas and that it is possible to achieve independence nonviolently.Nations must strive for peace and justice, and use books and other mediums to share ideas and create a better future for everyone.

    • Exploring Different Paths to Growth and SuccessDifferent countries can take inspiration from the same source, but evolve it in their own unique way to create opportunities for growth and success.

      The world is full of opportunities to learn and grow.Through the example of four countries- Israel, India, Singapore and the US, we can see how each has taken inspiration from the UK code base, but evolved it in their own way.America, for example, is a nation of immigrants, with a constitution that is slowly becoming more democratic and capitalistic.Similarly, the introduction of Bitcoin has opened up a new axis on which people can become rich, regardless of their USD wealth.This example shows us that there is always potential for growth and success, even when it seems touch and go.

    • Becoming a Tech Billionaire: Easier than Becoming a President?Building and compounding wealth is essential to maintain economic class in the era of cryptocurrency and network states.

      In the era of cryptocurrency and network states, anyone can become a CEO or president of a state, regardless of their origin.It is much easier to become a tech billionaire than to become the president of the United States because there are thousands of billionaires across the world but only limited number of presidents.However, there is an old saying that 'shirt sleeves to shirt sleeves in three generations' which means that the fortune built by one generation is often dissipated by the next.Therefore, it is important to continuously build and compound one's wealth to maintain the class.

    • Foundations Versus Inheritance: A Study of Network StatesNetwork states can be successful in combining both legitimacy and competence to attract people to their vision, highlighting the importance of building from scratch and reinventing instead of simply inheriting.

      In this world of dynamic and ever-changing societies, the ability to build from scratch and reinvent is essential.The US military can be used as an example for this, as they had forgotten how to make certain nuclear weapons due to the lack of know-how and no one to pass the knowledge down to.We can see the effects of this in the US today with wildfires, water shortages, and power outages.This is because the heirs cannot build from scratch and maintain the infrastructure, and instead are just cashing checks.Network states can exist in thousands, and they often combine both legitimacy and competence to attract people to their vision.This is an important concept of founding versus inheriting.

    • Decolonization and Imperial Breakup Leads to a World of Many Smaller CountriesInnovation and bits can unlock atoms and create something bigger than a country with potential to reach more people than the population of some countries.

      Learning from this section, we can see that the number of countries has been steadily increasing over the last few decades, mainly due to decolonization and imperial breakup.This has led to a world with many smaller countries, most of which have a population of less than 10 million people.It also shows us that we have the potential to create something bigger than a country, like a social network, with the potential to reach more people than the population of some countries.Ultimately, this demonstrates the power of innovation and how we can use bits to unlock atoms.

    • Building a Digital Country with a Larger Population than Some CountriesIt is possible to build an online social network with a population larger than some countries and to buy distributed territory with an income above a certain amount. A census of a digital state can be conducted every 10 seconds and it is important to prove it to the world.

      A network state is a digital country with a population, real estate footprint and income that can rank with the countries of the world.It is possible to build an online social network with a population bigger than some countries and it can be used to buy distributed territory that is greater than or equal to the size of Estonia.It is possible to prove on chain that the digital population has an income above a certain amount.A census of a digital state can be conducted every 10 seconds and it is important to prove it to the world by providing proof of human, proof of income, and proof of real estate.

    • Proving Validity with Crypto Oracles and AuditingTo create a digital state that is ranked on a leaderboard, crypto oracles and auditing must be used to prove its validity to others. Additionally, government oversight is necessary to ensure accuracy and accountability of the system.

      Creating a digital state that is ranked on a leaderboard is a complex process that requires proving its validity to others.To do this, crypto oracles and auditing of the system must be used.Crypto oracles provide proof of who, what and when was written, such as who bought a piece of real estate and how much was spent.Additionally, auditing is used to ensure the accuracy of the original assertions by randomly checking a subset of the written assertions.This is done by verifying the square footage of the properties, and using inference to extrapolate it to the rest of the properties.Ultimately, it is up to the government to keep the accountants accountable, and if a report is falsified, then another accountant must be found.

    • Verifying the Truth Through Benford Law and WikipediaTo ensure accurate information is spread, it is essential to verify information through tools like Benford Law and Wikipedia, which allow for independent verifiability.

      The importance of verifying the truth is paramount in today's world.Benford Law is a great example of this, illustrating how the distribution of leading digits in a collection of data sets usually follows a specific pattern.This can be used to detect discrepancies between what is true and what is false.It is important to remember that, even though it is easier in some ways to tell the truth than to lie, lies can still be found out.This is why it is essential to show your work and allow for independent verifiability.Wikipedia is a great example of this, as it allows for the truth to be openly and independently checked.However, it is important to remain vigilant as malicious actors can still take advantage of it.By understanding the importance of verifying the truth, we can ensure that accurate information is spread.

    • Wikipedia: A Breath of Fresh Air in Terms of Breadth and Depth of KnowledgeWikipedia is a reliable source of information that rewards editors with privileges, does not allow citations from social media, and has rules in place to ensure the reliability of its content.

      Wikipedia is a platform that has come a long way since it's inception.It is a reliable source of information, incorporating the epistemology of what is trustworthy and untrustworthy.It rewards editors with privileges from the early 2000s, however, this has become outdated due to the fact that most of India and Africa wasn't online then.To ensure the neutrality of the platform, it does not allow citations from social media and instead encourages mainstream media outlets.Wikipedia has put rules in place to ensure the reliability of its content.As a result, it is a breath of fresh air in terms of breadth and depth of knowledge.

    • Understanding the Power of Wikipedia and Its Reliable Sources PolicyWikipedia offers a platform for editors to research and share knowledge and its rules are often used to achieve desired ends. The incentives and motivations of the editors are the most important aspect in understanding its power. Its reliable sources policy allows only certain mainstream media outlets to be used as sources and this can lead to a biased outcome.

      Wikipedia offers a platform for editors to research and share knowledge.Its rules are complicated, full of contradictions and gray areas, but they can be used to achieve desired ends.The incentives and motivations of the editors are the most important aspect in understanding Wikipedia's power.A small number of editors can create a world of good knowledge, with much more success in technical topics than opinion-based ones.Its reliable sources policy is a structural shift which allows only certain mainstream media outlets to be used as sources, and often in a biased way.To understand the level of harm caused by this bias, one can look at the edit logs to explore the shifts in narratives.

    • Examining the Reliability of WikipediaTo gain reliable knowledge, look at multiple sources and use critical thinking to distinguish between truths and falsehoods.

      Education learnings from this section could be summed up as: We should be careful when using Wikipedia as a source of knowledge, as it can be subject to bias and edit wars, influenced by political ideologies.We should also not rely on Wikipedia for topics that do not have a single consensus truth, as these can be vulnerable to certain biases.To gain the most reliable knowledge, it is best to look at multiple sources and use critical thinking to distinguish between truths and falsehoods.

    • Decentralizing the Concept of TruthWith the use of consensus mechanisms, oracles, and ledger of records, people are able to come to a common agreement of what is true, thereby decentralizing the concept of truth.

      Truth is a complex concept, but with the right tools, it can be figured out.By using consensus mechanisms such as proof of work and proof of stake, people are able to come to a common agreement on digital assets, like Bitcoin.From there, other digital assets, such as stocks and bonds, can be agreed upon.With the use of oracles, facts can be recorded and proven, creating a ledger of record.This way, instead of relying on centralized sources to tell us what is true, we can find out for ourselves and come to a consensus about it.This decentralization of truth is an exciting concept, and one that will have a great impact on our understanding of the world.

    • Achieving a More Complete and Accurate Understanding of our Past Through DecentralizationBlockchain technology and cryptographic verification can provide a more resilient and accurate way to record history, allowing us to gain a more complete understanding of our past.

      Our historical records are a patchwork of fragments, often incomplete and distorted.Even when complete, they can be biased.We can never be sure that what we learn is the full truth.Decentralization, such as blockchain technology, offers us a new way to record history that is more resilient to distortion.Cryptographic verification can help ensure the accuracy of records and guard against malicious interference.We can use these new tools to gain a more complete and accurate understanding of our past.

    • Ensuring Accuracy and Correctness Through Unit TestingUnit testing enables accuracy and correctness of mathematical equations and assertions in a rapidly changing world.

      With the advent of modern technology, it is now possible to unit test mathematical equations and assertions to ensure accuracy and correctness.This can be done on sites such as golden.com and Jupiter notebooks.Furthermore, it can add friction to the editing process if done incorrectly.However, with the right user experience and the pride of getting it right, Wikipedia often does an incredible job.Therefore, unit testing can be a great tool to ensure accuracy and correctness in an ever-changing world.

    • Replication Over Prestige: Decentralization as a SolutionTo prevent the abuse of science, decentralization is needed to promote independent replication over prestigious citation.

      Academia has become focused on prestigious citation rather than independent replication.This has caused science to be abused in the name of 'science'.To fix the problem, we need a decentralized system which allows for independent replication to dominate the discourse.This is the same for Wikipedia, media and academia.Western civilization has a break glass emergency button - decentralization - which could help fix this problem.Decentralization allows for independent replication to be the main driving force in our society and not prestigious citation.

    • Decentralizing Power Through Crypto ScienceCrypto Science is a revolutionary way to decentralize power and increase transparency in the scientific community by storing code, data, and PDFs onto a blockchain.

      Martin Luther was a reformer who challenged the Catholic Church and its practices.He believed that people were too often able to pay for indulgences which essentially allowed them to buy their way out of sin.This idea of decentralizing power and breaking away from ossified structures has been echoed in recent times by the concept of "Crypto Science".This is an idea where code, data, and PDFs are all stored on a blockchain, and can be accessed and reproduced by anyone.This not only allows for reproducibility, but also allows for papers to cite each other by simply importing code.Crypto Science is a revolutionary way to decentralize power, and increase transparency in the scientific community.

    • Uncovering Mistakes and Inconsistencies with a Web of CitationsCrypto currency, digital instruments, and a web of citations can help to ensure accuracy, accountability and policy decisions.

      People can use code from others to create a web of citations, which can be tracked back to the original source.This helps to uncover mistakes, inconsistencies and even fraud.Crypto currency can be used to fund research and digital instruments can be used to verify data.Crypto instruments can also be used to provide a chain of custody for data, ensuring accuracy and accountability, even when it comes to influencing policy decisions.

    • Advancing Science Through Data SharingData sharing is essential for the advancement of science, allowing for incremental and revolutionary discoveries to be made without prematurely concretizing the data.

      Science is a field that requires constant innovation.To ensure a culture of advancement and discovery, we must have a system that allows for the sharing of data, code, and parameters.This enables us to better understand the experiments and results of our peers.It also allows for the auditing and verifying of results.With this system in place we can progress as a collective, understanding and innovating without the need to concretize data too early in the process.This makes incremental science easier while still allowing revolutionary science to reach its full potential.

    • Redefining Scientific Progress Through Decentralized and Independent ScienceThe internet and other technologies have enabled us to have decentralized and independent science that is judged by its merits, thus allowing for scientific progress without relying on large institutions.

      Science has always been an evolving field, ever since Newton and Maxwell in the 1700s.They weren't funded by the US government or by the NSF, yet they made great strides in their fields.Today, with the internet, self-driving cars and spaceflight, we can go further in our scientific endeavors.People often think that the US government and other institutions are essential for science, but this is not the case.The internet and other technologies have enabled us to have decentralized and independent science that is judged by its merits.This is a great way to continue to progress in the field of science, without relying on large institutions.

    • A Batteries Included Approach to Scientific ProgressBy importing code, libraries and datasets, scientists from a variety of fields can benefit from the potential of collaborative progress, leading to new research possibilities and exciting discoveries.

      In the scientific world, the ability to import code, libraries and datasets can revolutionize progress.This means that areas such as biology, chemistry, psychology and computer science can all benefit from using data sets, importing code and building upon what others have done.With a ‘batteries included’ approach, it is possible to achieve much more than simply incremental progress and the potential of this is vast.Soon, nearly all areas of science will be a branch of computer science, creating a digital history that is computable and cryptographically verifiable.This will lead to new research possibilities and exciting discoveries.

    • Challenging the Power Structure in a Digital WorldThe banning of Donald Trump from Twitter and the situation during the pandemic with some labs running tests in spite of federal regulations highlights the importance of accountability in a digital world.

      In today's digital world, it has become easier to track the impact of people and events.For example, the banning of Donald Trump from Twitter had a huge impact on his digital presence.This example gives us an insight into the power of networks and digital states.It also shows how certain regulatory authorities, such as the FDA, have enormous influence due to their ability to impose their regulations on the world.This, in turn, has enabled big companies and governments to box out innovation from small countries and startups.However, this power structure can be challenged, as we have seen with the FDA during the pandemic, when some labs took matters into their own hands and ran tests in spite of federal regulations.This situation highlights the importance of accountability in a digital world.

    • Visibility and Accountability in Science PolicyVisibility and accountability in science policy are important components to understand and implement in order to make meaningful progress in today's world.

      The power of visibility and accountability in the world of science policy is an important lesson.For example, the public face of Dr.Fauci has made him a recognizable name and face in recent memory.On the other hand, people may be unaware of other powerful figures such as Arthur g Salberg, who have inherited the New York Times company and have the power to shape the media sphere without being noticed.Additionally, the concept of challenge trials, where individuals volunteer to take a risk to help their country, could have potentially saved lives earlier in the pandemic.While there is a risk of entering a political and media minefield, it is a testament to the patriotism of individuals who would raise their hands to take on this important task.Ultimately, this is an important reminder of the importance of visibility and accountability in science policy.

    • The FDA: Ensuring Safe and Effective Products in a Regulated Healthcare SystemThe FDA was established to regulate healthcare products and treatments, and ensure that they are safe and effective before being released to the public. This has resulted in a more reliable healthcare system.

      The time before the FDA's establishment was known as V1, or patent medicines.This was a period where people experimented with various treatments and formulations without much regulation.For example, Banting and Best won the Nobel Prize for their discovery of insulin supplementation to treat diabetes.This was done through animal testing, self-experimentation, and healthy volunteers.This lack of regulation meant that there was a lot of trial and error and innovation, but also the potential for dangerous products to enter the market.The FDA was established to ensure that products were safe and effective before being released to the public.This has resulted in a more regulated and reliable healthcare system.

    • Unlocking the Power of Willingness and Desire for HealthRegulations should not prevent health but instead, facilitate health by allowing individuals to make their own decisions about their bodies and food.

      The power of willing and the desire to be healthy has been seen in many success stories.When the buyers and sellers are both willing, amazing things can happen.Regulations can be a hindrance to health, preventing people from making their own decisions about their bodies and food.However, there are already many exits from the FDA, such as Right to Try laws, CLIA labs and Laboratory Developed Tests, Compounding Pharmacies, Off-Label Prescription by MDs, and countries that are not fully harmonized with the FDA.Safety efficacy and comparative safety can be tested for and if something is found to be safe, it should be allowed to be tried.Regulations should not prevent health but instead, facilitate health.

    • Modernizing the FDA to Revolutionize Prescription Drug ComplianceCompanies like Pill Pack have already taken strides to improve the user interface for prescription drugs, but to truly revolutionize the way we approach prescription drugs, the FDA should modernize their system to make it easier for people to report bad side effects and to access information from around the world on the same drug they are taking.

      A decentralized FDA could revolutionize the way we approach prescription drugs.Companies like Pill Pack have already taken strides to improve the user interface, making it easier for people to adhere to their prescriptions.Furthermore, the FDA has a form 3,500B which can be used to report bad side effects.However, the current system is outdated, requiring a PDF to be filled out and submitted.To truly revolutionize the way we approach prescription drugs, the FDA should modernize their system, making it easier for people to report bad side effects and to access information from around the world on the same drug they are taking.This would be a big step forward in improving safety and compliance with prescriptions.

    • Navigating Challenges and Opportunities in a Globalized SocietyIt is important to be aware of the risks and make informed decisions about our health, as well as mindful of the power of authority figures and their ability to make decisions that can have a major impact on our lives.

      A globalized society brings with it unique challenges and opportunities.One of the challenges is how to ensure the safety of the public while allowing for innovative products and services to be created.The FDA is one of the organizations responsible for this.Unfortunately, they are sometimes criticized for making decisions that are overly restrictive or put in place without adequate research.Despite this, they have a responsibility to the public to ensure that products and services are safe and effective.In the end, it is up to us to be aware of the risks and make informed decisions about our health.We should also be mindful of the power of authority figures, as they can make decisions that have a huge impact on our lives, even if we don't fully agree with them.

    • Accepting the Cost of SafetyIn order to protect our safety, we must accept the cost of TSA and FDA security and safety regulations in terms of money, time and freedom.

      TSA and FDA security and safety regulations are in place to keep us safe from terrorism and dangerous drugs.Despite how expensive, inconvenient and seemingly absurd these regulations may be, people accept them without protest.This is because of a fear of the authorities, similar to the one in the Soviet Union.The cost of this system is high in terms of money, time and freedom.Ultimately, it is the CEOs of pharma and biotech companies that feel the brunt of this system as they are unable to get their products to market in a timely manner and have to pay large costs for delays.It is a difficult reality, but one that we must accept in order to protect our safety.

    • Maintaining a Commitment to Truth and InnovationIt is important to be aware of the way in which any given organization is perceived and to recognize the way in which the School of Fish Strategy can be used by those in power to maintain their authority. It is also important to maintain a commitment to truth and innovation, rather than simply riding with the school of fish.

      The lesson to be learned is that it is important to have a strong sense of one's mission and to be aware of the way in which any given organization is perceived.This is especially important for those in positions of power, such as CEOs and regulators.It is also important to recognize the way in which the School of Fish Strategy can be used by those in power to maintain their authority, avoiding accountability for any wrongdoings.It is crucial to maintain a commitment to truth and innovation, rather than simply riding with the school of fish.

    • The Power of Regulatory AgenciesRegulatory agencies such as FDA, EPA and HHS have immense power and it is important to be friendly and cooperative with them, as the consequences of not doing so can be dire.

      Regulatory agencies such as FDA, EPA and HHS are powerful organizations that are often represented in popular culture.They are depicted as villains, preventing people from accessing the products or services they need.In reality, these organizations are made up of individuals who are often ambitious and power hungry.They may even conflict with each other and cause a "door jam" for companies.It is important to remember that regulators have a lot of power and are not just "some piece of paper".It is wise to be friendly and cooperate with them, as they are the customer and if they cut the cord, there is no other customer.The consequences of this can be dire, so it is important to remember the power of regulators.

    • The FDA and Artificial Scarcity: Examining the Impact of RegulationThe role of the FDA in regulating the pharmaceutical and tech industries has a profound effect on the market, creating artificial scarcity and driving up prices. This concept can be compared to the rise in college tuition costs over the years.

      Understanding the power and influence of the FDA over the pharmaceutical companies and the tech industry can be seen as a form of nationalization.During the late 20th century, this was done by firing officials who were not compliant with the FDA, and setting up a culture of acquiescence towards the government agency.However, with the advent of social media, technology, and cryptocurrency, people are less trusting of institutions and are more open to the idea that the FDA may not have it all together.Regulation by the FDA can be seen as a form of artificial scarcity, driving up prices.This phenomenon can be compared to the cost of college education, which has risen over the years.

    • A Cloud Regulator System to Create a Competitive MarketIntroducing cloud regulators such as Amazon star ratings, Yelp, eBay, Airbnb, Uber, Lyft, Gmail, Google, Apple's app store, and PayPal can help create a more efficient system that allows for tracking of bad actors, quality ratings, and protection from frauds and scammers.

      The people want a regulated marketplace when it comes to their health.Decentralizing the FDA is one option, but there is also the idea of modernizing the form 3,500 B.By introducing cloud regulators such as Amazon star ratings, Yelp, eBay, Airbnb, Uber, Lyft, Gmail, Google, Apple's app store, and PayPal, we can create a much more efficient system.This system allows for the tracking of bad actors, quality ratings on a one to five star scale, and protection from frauds and scammers, without having to evaluate everything separately.With this cloud regulator system, we have a competitive market with multiple parties, rather than a monopoly and artificial scarcity.

    • Using Technology to Make Informed ChoicesTechnology has enabled us to access services more easily, but regulations may limit them in certain states. To increase competition and provide reliable information, reviews of products can be published, and concepts such as longevity can be used to monitor and measure people's health.

      Technology has enabled us to make choices with the touch of a button.This has made it easier to access services such as ride-sharing and airbnb.But due to regulations, the services may be limited in certain states.The solution to this is to have multiple legal regimes that allow different options to be chosen depending on the situation.To increase competition, reviews of products can be published as a source of information.This is done with the help of defectors from the old establishment and new talent.As an example, VITA and Molecule Dow are using the concept of longevity to monitor and measure people's health.This helps to identify potential problems before they become serious, allowing people to take the necessary steps to prevent them.

    • Continuous Diagnostics: Taking Control of Your HealthWith the introduction of Continuous Diagnostics, people can now access data in real time and take control of their health through preventive and detect disease and informed lifestyle choices.

      Medical technology and diagnostics have come a long way in the past century.From the discovery of germ theory of disease to the advent of Continuous Diagnostics, people can now monitor their health more closely and efficiently.Companies like Inside Tracker are making it easier to access data that shows what is going on inside the body in real time.This data can be used to prevent and detect disease and to adjust treatments to the individual.It can also be used to inform lifestyle choices that can lead to better health outcomes.Continuous diagnostics is becoming more accessible and integrated with other services, meaning people have more control over their health.

    • The Limitations of the FDA CommissionerThe FDA Commissioner is limited in their ability to make meaningful changes to the agency due to career employees having certain protections. In order to make meaningful changes, sweeping changes to the agency and its culture would be needed.

      The FDA has an important role in regulating drugs and medical treatments to protect the public.It is true that mistakes have been made that have cost lives.However, it is also true that the FDA commissioner is limited in their ability to make significant changes to the agency.The FDA is made up of career employees who have certain protections, making it difficult to fire or discipline them.The FDA commissioner is a ceremonial role and is limited in their ability to make meaningful changes.In order to make meaningful changes, there would need to be sweeping changes to the agency and its culture.

    • Taking Control of Our Own WellbeingWe need to take responsibility for our own health and well-being by monitoring our diet and exercising regularly. Decentralization has given us the opportunity to achieve our own goals of improving our health without relying on a doctor.

      Fitness and diet are important for our health, but it's ultimately our own responsibility.We cannot rely on doctors alone to keep us healthy.We need to take control of our own wellbeing by monitoring our diet and exercising regularly.To do this, we must also be aware of how decentralization has changed the healthcare system, allowing us to take responsibility for our own health without relying on a doctor.In this way, we can achieve our own goals of improving our overall health and wellbeing.

    • Accessing Ambulatory Medicine - A More Capitalist Approach to HealthSupplementing your health is an interesting way to get fit and stay healthy and encouraging people to access ambulatory medicine means they will be in control of their health and have access to the services they need.

      Supplementing your health is an interesting way to get fit and stay healthy.The supplement industry is growing because the regulations are not as strict.Fitness and health products are being created to help people get healthier, but not necessarily to diagnose or treat diseases.People are willing to pay to get better than normal and have access to many tools to do so.This is the opposite of the US medical system where control is in the hands of the third, fourth and fifth parties.A more capitalist approach to medicine would be beneficial because it would allow people to comparison shop and pay for the services they need.The Singapore model of health savings accounts is a great example of how this can be done.Encouraging people to access ambulatory medicine means they will be in control of their health and have access to the services they need.

    • Advancing Medical Technology for Quicker and More Cost Effective DiagnosesWith the help of AI and telemedicine, people are able to monitor their own health, detect and diagnose conditions on their own, resulting in quicker and more cost effective treatments. The medical system is also shifting to results-based payments instead of labor-based payments, which will help to make medical care more efficient and cost effective.

      Medical technology is rapidly advancing and people are more and more able to monitor their own health, detect and diagnose conditions on their own.This allows for quicker and more accurate diagnoses, as well as more cost effective treatments.With the help of AI, medical imaging and diagnosis can be done at home without the need for expensive medical procedures.Although the FDA has prevented some of these developments, progress is being made in the form of telemedicine, where doctors can diagnose and treat people remotely.The medical system is also beginning to shift to results-based payments instead of labor-based payments, which will help to make medical care more efficient and cost effective.

    • The Growing Complexities of Medical Billing and the Promising Alternative of India's Telemedicine SystemIndia's telemedicine system, which includes generic drugs and cash payments, has the potential to provide a parallel market with better customer service, visible prices, and a reputational bridge to help lobby for reform.

      Medical billing has become a complex process with insurance companies, diagnostic companies, and patients all playing a role.The lack of a buyer and seller relationship, the RVU system, and the fear of lawsuits has led to a system where prices are hidden, and the focus is on optics rather than results.India is now coming online and offers an alternative system where telemedicine, generic drugs, and cash payments are more common.This could lead to a parallel market with more customer service, visible prices, and a reputational bridge that could help lobby for reform.

    • Achieving Financial Sovereignty Through CryptocurrencyCryptocurrency allows users to have complete control over their money, enabling them to send and receive large sums of money with a single keystroke, making financial sovereignty accessible to everyone.

      Cryptocurrency is a revolutionary way of handling finances, allowing for the individual to have complete control over their money.It flips the traditional macroeconomic worldview on its head, with hyperinflation being bad, and deflation being good.Furthermore, it gives users access to their funds that was not previously available.With cryptocurrency, users are now the system administrators of their own money, meaning they can send and receive large sums of money with a single keystroke.This concept of financial sovereignty is why cryptocurrency is so important, as it allows individuals to have complete control over their money.

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    #430 – Charan Ranganath: Human Memory, Imagination, Deja Vu, and False Memories

    #430 – Charan Ranganath: Human Memory, Imagination, Deja Vu, and False Memories
    Charan Ranganath is a psychologist and neuroscientist at UC Davis, specializing in human memory. He is the author of a new book titled Why We Remember. Please support this podcast by checking out our sponsors: - Riverside: https://creators.riverside.fm/LEX and use code LEX to get 30% off - ZipRecruiter: https://ziprecruiter.com/lex - Notion: https://notion.com/lex - MasterClass: https://masterclass.com/lexpod to get 15% off - Shopify: https://shopify.com/lex to get $1 per month trial - LMNT: https://drinkLMNT.com/lex to get free sample pack Transcript: https://lexfridman.com/charan-ranganath-transcript EPISODE LINKS: Charan's X: https://x.com/CharanRanganath Charan's Instagram: https://instagram.com/thememorydoc Charan's Website: https://charanranganath.com Why We Remember (book): https://amzn.to/3WzUF6x Charan's Google Scholar: https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=ptWkt1wAAAAJ Dynamic Memory Lab: https://dml.ucdavis.edu/ PODCAST INFO: Podcast website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ YouTube Full Episodes: https://youtube.com/lexfridman YouTube Clips: https://youtube.com/lexclips SUPPORT & CONNECT: - Check out the sponsors above, it's the best way to support this podcast - Support on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/lexfridman - Twitter: https://twitter.com/lexfridman - Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/lexfridman - LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/lexfridman - Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/lexfridman - Medium: https://medium.com/@lexfridman OUTLINE: Here's the timestamps for the episode. On some podcast players you should be able to click the timestamp to jump to that time. (00:00) - Introduction (10:18) - Experiencing self vs remembering self (23:59) - Creating memories (33:31) - Why we forget (41:08) - Training memory (51:37) - Memory hacks (1:03:26) - Imagination vs memory (1:12:44) - Memory competitions (1:22:33) - Science of memory (1:37:48) - Discoveries (1:48:52) - Deja vu (1:54:09) - False memories (2:14:14) - False confessions (2:18:00) - Heartbreak (2:25:34) - Nature of time (2:33:15) - Brain–computer interface (BCI) (2:47:19) - AI and memory (2:57:33) - ADHD (3:04:30) - Music (3:14:15) - Human mind
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    #429 – Paul Rosolie: Jungle, Apex Predators, Aliens, Uncontacted Tribes, and God

    #429 – Paul Rosolie: Jungle, Apex Predators, Aliens, Uncontacted Tribes, and God
    Paul Rosolie is a naturalist, explorer, author, and founder of Junglekeepers, dedicating his life to protecting the Amazon rainforest. Support his efforts at https://junglekeepers.org Please support this podcast by checking out our sponsors: - ShipStation: https://shipstation.com/lex and use code LEX to get 60-day free trial - Yahoo Finance: https://yahoofinance.com - BetterHelp: https://betterhelp.com/lex to get 10% off - NetSuite: http://netsuite.com/lex to get free product tour - Eight Sleep: https://eightsleep.com/lex to get $350 off - Shopify: https://shopify.com/lex to get $1 per month trial Transcript: https://lexfridman.com/paul-rosolie-2-transcript EPISODE LINKS: Paul's Instagram: https://instagram.com/paulrosolie Junglekeepers: https://junglekeepers.org Paul's Website: https://paulrosolie.com Mother of God (book): https://amzn.to/3ww2ob1 PODCAST INFO: Podcast website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ YouTube Full Episodes: https://youtube.com/lexfridman YouTube Clips: https://youtube.com/lexclips SUPPORT & CONNECT: - Check out the sponsors above, it's the best way to support this podcast - Support on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/lexfridman - Twitter: https://twitter.com/lexfridman - Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/lexfridman - LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/lexfridman - Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/lexfridman - Medium: https://medium.com/@lexfridman OUTLINE: Here's the timestamps for the episode. On some podcast players you should be able to click the timestamp to jump to that time. (00:00) - Introduction (12:29) - Amazon jungle (14:47) - Bushmaster snakes (26:13) - Black caiman (44:33) - Rhinos (47:47) - Anacondas (1:18:04) - Mammals (1:30:10) - Piranhas (1:41:00) - Aliens (1:58:45) - Elephants (2:10:02) - Origin of life (2:23:21) - Explorers (2:36:38) - Ayahuasca (2:45:03) - Deep jungle expedition (2:59:09) - Jane Goodall (3:01:41) - Theodore Roosevelt (3:12:36) - Alone show (3:22:23) - Protecting the rainforest (3:38:36) - Snake makes appearance (3:46:47) - Uncontacted tribes (4:00:11) - Mortality (4:01:39) - Steve Irwin (4:09:18) - God
    Lex Fridman Podcast
    enMay 15, 2024

    #428 – Sean Carroll: General Relativity, Quantum Mechanics, Black Holes & Aliens

    #428 – Sean Carroll: General Relativity, Quantum Mechanics, Black Holes & Aliens
    Sean Carroll is a theoretical physicist, author, and host of Mindscape podcast. Please support this podcast by checking out our sponsors: - HiddenLayer: https://hiddenlayer.com/lex - Cloaked: https://cloaked.com/lex and use code LexPod to get 25% off - Notion: https://notion.com/lex - Shopify: https://shopify.com/lex to get $1 per month trial - NetSuite: http://netsuite.com/lex to get free product tour Transcript: https://lexfridman.com/sean-carroll-3-transcript EPISODE LINKS: Sean's Website: https://preposterousuniverse.com Mindscape Podcast: https://www.preposterousuniverse.com/podcast/ Sean's YouTube: https://youtube.com/@seancarroll Sean's Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/seanmcarroll Sean's Twitter: https://twitter.com/seanmcarroll Sean's Instagram: https://instagram.com/seanmcarroll Sean's Papers: https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=Lfifrv8AAAAJ Sean's Books: https://amzn.to/3W7yT9N PODCAST INFO: Podcast website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ YouTube Full Episodes: https://youtube.com/lexfridman YouTube Clips: https://youtube.com/lexclips SUPPORT & CONNECT: - Check out the sponsors above, it's the best way to support this podcast - Support on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/lexfridman - Twitter: https://twitter.com/lexfridman - Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/lexfridman - LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/lexfridman - Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/lexfridman - Medium: https://medium.com/@lexfridman OUTLINE: Here's the timestamps for the episode. On some podcast players you should be able to click the timestamp to jump to that time. (00:00) - Introduction (11:03) - General relativity (23:22) - Black holes (28:11) - Hawking radiation (32:19) - Aliens (41:15) - Holographic principle (1:05:38) - Dark energy (1:11:38) - Dark matter (1:20:34) - Quantum mechanics (1:41:56) - Simulation (1:44:18) - AGI (1:58:42) - Complexity (2:11:25) - Consciousness (2:20:32) - Naturalism (2:24:49) - Limits of science (2:29:34) - Mindscape podcast (2:39:29) - Einstein

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