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    Academic Integrity

    Explore "Academic Integrity" with insightful episodes like "EP 242: AI Tools to Supercharge Research", "States and schools are learning how to manage AI in education", "Coleman Hughes Silences CNN Host by Calling BS on Blaming Racism", "The Epstein Files: Former US Presidents Named" and "Left Blames "Racism" For Claudine Gay's Harvard Exit, and New Appreciation For Trump's Border Policy, with The Fifth Column Hosts | Ep. 694" from podcasts like ""Everyday AI Podcast – An AI and ChatGPT Podcast", "Marketplace Tech", "The Rubin Report", "Americast" and "The Megyn Kelly Show"" and more!

    Episodes (24)

    EP 242: AI Tools to Supercharge Research

    EP 242: AI Tools to Supercharge Research
    An underutilized superpower of generative AI? The way it can completely change how research is done. So how is AI impacting academic and scientific research and what tools are out there to help? Avi Staiman, Founder of sciwriter.ai, joins us to discuss AI tools to supercharge your research.

     
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    More on this Episode: Episode Page
    Learn more in today's newsletter
    Join the discussion: Ask Jordan and Avi questions on AI and research

    Related Episodes:
    Ep 89: AI’s Role in Responsible Research
    Ep 121: Faster and More Accurate Results From ChatGPT with ScholarAI

    Upcoming Episodes: Check out the upcoming Everyday AI Livestream lineup
    Website: YourEverydayAI.com
    Email The Show: info@youreverydayai.com
    Connect with Jordan on LinkedIn

    Timestamps:
    01:20 Daily AI news
    05:16 Simplify writing process for academic researchers with AI.
    07:36 Democratization of science and skepticism in society.
    10:33 ChatGPT has diverse data sources, impacts reliability.
    18:36 AI researchers responsible for high standard, education.
    19:32 Using AI in research
    22:37 AI tools improving accessibility and accuracy.
    27:30 Explore pain points, offer AI research tools.
    31:17 Questioning scientific studies, AI's importance emphasized.
    35:05 Encourage critical thinking when using AI tools.
    37:18 AI can enhance research and understanding information.

    Topics Covered in This Episode:
    1. Importance of Research Accessibility and Transparency
    2. Utilizing AI Tools in Research and Writing
    3.  Integrity and Reliability of AI-Generated Content
    4. Responsible Use of AI and Source Attribution
    5. Problems of AI-generated Content in Research

    Keywords:
    skepticism around science, accessibility in research, transparency in research, AI tools, democratization of research, research integrity, research reliability, research fraud, misuse of AI tools, scientific literature, attribution in research, Jordan Wilson, ChatGPT, Sykespace, Illicit, Sciwriter, academic writing, AI Tool Up Tuesdays, curated content, Everyday AI, academic research, CodeRepair, Stable Audio 2.0, peer-reviewed journal article, publish or perish pressure, Consensus Scholar AI, Perplexity, Proofig, Image Twin.


    Get more out of ChatGPT by learning our PPP method in this live, interactive and free training! Sign up now: https://youreverydayai.com/ppp-registration/

    States and schools are learning how to manage AI in education

    States and schools are learning how to manage AI in education

    It’s been about a year and a half since ChatGPT hit the scene and changed the world of education, leaving teachers scrambling to adjust lesson plans and grading policies. Currently, only a handful of states are providing guidance on how AI should be used in the classroom. Just five have official policies, with about a dozen more in the works. Bree Dusseault at the Center on Reinventing Public Education at Arizona State University has been following all this.

    Coleman Hughes Silences CNN Host by Calling BS on Blaming Racism

    Coleman Hughes Silences CNN Host by Calling BS on Blaming Racism
    Dave Rubin of “The Rubin Report” talks to Andy Ngo and Colin Wright about former Harvard president Claudine Gay’s outrageous op-ed in the New York Times; Coleman Hughes shutting down CNN’s Abby Phillip for blaming Claudine Gay’s ouster on racism; Lucasfilm’s Kathleen Kennedy doubling down on making "Star Wars" more woke by hiring Pakistani activist Sharmeen Obaid-Chinoy to direct the new Rey movie, starring Daisy Ridley; Sharmeen Obaid-Chinoy’s anti-male response to Jon Stewart asking her how she punctures the patriarchy at the Women in the World conference; Karine Jean-Pierre being caught lying about the border crisis; the Rose Parade becoming another victim of “Free Palestine” protests; and much more. WATCH the MEMBER-EXCLUSIVE segment of the show here: https://rubinreport.locals.com/ Check out the NEW RUBIN REPORT MERCH here: https://daverubin.store/ Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

    The Epstein Files: Former US Presidents Named

    The Epstein Files: Former US Presidents Named

    High-profile associates of Jeffrey Epstein named in US court papers.

    Former presidents Bill Clinton and Donald Trump are among the people named in US court papers detailing connections of late sex offender Jeffrey Epstein.

    The team assesses what we know so far, what’s to come, and how the story has played out on social media.

    And after weeks of controversy, Claudine Gay has stepped down as president of Harvard University following her comments on anti-Semitism.

    We speak to the reporter who got the scoop on the plagiarism story about why he thinks she had no choice but to step down.

    HOSTS: • Sarah Smith, North America editor • Justin Webb, Radio 4 presenter • Marianna Spring, disinformation and social media correspondent • Anthony Zurcher, North America correspondent

    GUEST: • Aaron Sibarium, Reporter at The Washington Free Beacon

    GET IN TOUCH: • Join our online community: https://discord.gg/qSrxqNcmRB • Send us a message or voice note via WhatsApp to +44 330 123 9480 • Email Americast@bbc.co.uk • Or use #Americast

    Find out more about our award-winning “undercover voters” here: bbc.in/3lFddSF.

    This episode was made by George Dabby with Catherine Fusillo, Rufus Gray, Claire Betzer. The technical producer was Mike Regaard. The series producer is George Dabby. The senior news editor is Sam Bonham.

    Left Blames "Racism" For Claudine Gay's Harvard Exit, and New Appreciation For Trump's Border Policy, with The Fifth Column Hosts | Ep. 694

    Left Blames "Racism" For Claudine Gay's Harvard Exit, and New Appreciation For Trump's Border Policy, with The Fifth Column Hosts | Ep. 694

    Megyn Kelly is joined by Kmele Foster, Michael Moynihan, and Matt Welch, hosts of The Fifth Column podcast, to discuss the resignation of Claudine Gay, her history of blatant plagiarism, some on the left and in the media claiming Gay was targeted because of "racism," the rot of higher education institutions, those who have been exposed as plagiarists in recent years, how elite institutions are failing our kids, Ivy League schools exposed as factories for elites, the massive influx of illegal migrants into America, why there's a new appreciation for the Trump administration's border policy, the importance of limiting executive branch power, the state of the GOP race, Trump's plan to secure the nomination, whether Vivek Ramaswamy is running for president or to be VP, the controversy over the Conservative Dad’s “Real Women of America” calendar, pushback from "feminists" as well as more traditional conservatives, a woman in love with a tree, Megyn's habit of letting her gas tank go down to empty, how it stresses out her husband Doug, and more.

    More from The Fifth Column: https://wethefifth.substack.com/
    Foster's new series: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R8GoBFy1DgQ

     

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    Douglas Murray Loses His Cool as He Obliterates Progressive Host with Palestine Facts

    Douglas Murray Loses His Cool as He Obliterates Progressive Host with Palestine Facts
    Dave Rubin of “The Rubin Report” talks about "The Young Turks’" Cenk Uygur being brutally humiliated by Douglas Murray on “Piers Morgan Uncensored” for his ignorance of basic Palestine facts; CNN’s Matt Egan trying to redefine plagiarism to defend disgraced former Harvard president Claudine Gay; MSNBC’s Symone Sanders-Townsend trying to blame the attacks on Claudine Gay on racism; Rep. Elise Stefanik making it clear that this is just the beginning of what could be the biggest scandal in higher education; Russell Brand pointing out George Carlin’s timeless insights on the conspiracies of elites; and much more. WATCH the MEMBER-EXCLUSIVE segment of the show here: https://rubinreport.locals.com/ Check out the NEW RUBIN REPORT MERCH here: https://daverubin.store/ ---------- Today’s Sponsors: Satellite Phone Store - Cell phones can go down during an emergency, but not a satellite phone. The most secure way to communicate is from satellite phone to a satellite phone. You can’t be tracked and no one can listen in on your calls. Go to: https://sat123.com or call 855-980-5830 Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

    12/21/23: Debate On Trump's Removal From Ballot, Yemen Threatens War, Israel Economy Tanks, Israeli's Say Quiet Part Out Loud, Dems Shut Down Primary For Biden, Harvard President Plagiarism Scandal, Best Moments And Plot Twists Of 2023

    12/21/23: Debate On Trump's Removal From Ballot, Yemen Threatens War, Israel Economy Tanks, Israeli's Say Quiet Part Out Loud, Dems Shut Down Primary For Biden, Harvard President Plagiarism Scandal, Best Moments And Plot Twists Of 2023

    Krystal and Saagar discuss Trump being banned from the Colorado ballot, shocking poll numbers on Trump's removal, Yemen threatens massive war, Israeli's say quiet part out loud, Democrats shut down primary for Joe Biden, Harvard president caught in plagiarism scandal, Krystal and Saagar's best moments and plot twists of 2023. 

     

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    Bill Burr's Response to Jimmy Kimmel's Trump-Hating Is Perfect

    Bill Burr's Response to Jimmy Kimmel's Trump-Hating Is Perfect
    Dave Rubin of “The Rubin Report” talks about Bill Burr calling Jimmy Kimmel and other liberals idiots for how they handled Donald Trump and made him more popular; Harvard University president Claudine Gay is now being accused of plagiarism as the board pledges to stand by her; how Harvard’s Middle East studies department may have some very dubious funding sources; Columbia University students at a pro-Palestine protest not realizing that their chants are calling for suicide bombings; the National Women's Law Center’s Fatima Goss Graves not being able to answer the question “what is a woman?”; employees at Oakland coffee shop Farley’s East caught on tape not allowing a Jewish customer to document the anti-Semitic graffiti in the store's bathroom; Jordan Peterson telling a shocked Joe Rogan how extremists are actually able to normalize their beliefs; and much more. WATCH the MEMBER-EXCLUSIVE segment of the show here: https://rubinreport.locals.com/ Check out the NEW RUBIN REPORT MERCH here: https://daverubin.store/ ---------- Today’s Sponsors: The Wellness Company - Get your Medical Emergency Kit with 8 potentially life-saving medications for you to keep on hand in times of need. Rest easy knowing that you have emergency antibiotics, antivirals and anti-parasitics to help keep you and your family safe. Rubin Report viewers get 15% off at checkout. Go to: https://TWC.health/RUBIN and use CODE: RUBIN Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

    WYP - S1 E1 - Cheating in Distance Learning Courses

    WYP - S1 E1 - Cheating in Distance Learning Courses

    In this pilot episode of "What’s Your Problem?" we delve into a pressing issue in the world of distance learning and education – cheating. Teaching in a remote environment presents unique challenges, and one of the most prevalent problems is academic dishonesty. Studies show that approximately 32-33 percent of students admit to cheating in both traditional and online courses.

    In this podcast, we explore three effective solutions to tackle this issue head-on. First, we discuss the importance of incorporating authentic assessments, such as discussions, projects, presentations, and journals, which require higher-level thinking and make cheating more difficult. Second, we emphasize the significance of designing tests with varying question types and short essay questions, reducing the chances of cheating. Finally, we highlight the importance of forming meaningful relationships with students, encouraging them to succeed by doing the work honestly. By implementing these strategies, you can help create a more honest and integrity-driven learning environment in your distance learning courses. Join us in this episode and discover the keys to preventing cheating effectively. Don't forget to like, comment, and subscribe to our channel for more valuable insights on distance learning and education!

    Back to School, Version 2.0: How AI is Disrupting Education

    Back to School, Version 2.0: How AI is Disrupting Education

    This episode explores how schools are adapting to powerful new AI technologies like ChatGPT that can generate remarkably human-like text and content. We discuss plagiarism risks and integrity concerns, but also opportunities to enhance learning if these tools are integrated thoughtfully. Key takeaways:

    - AI literacy is crucial as generative models become widespread

    - Assessments should evaluate skills AI can't easily replicate like analysis and communication

    - Teachers play an indispensable role overseeing ethical usage and fostering metacognition

    - With prudent design, AI can augment instruction and provide personalized guidance

    - Curricula should balance generative AI with activities that build creative problem-solving abilities and knowledge depth

    By upholding academic rigor and human engagement, schools can realize the promise of AI to make education more accessible, engaging, and adaptive. But human wisdom must steer its course so emerging technologies empower students rather than replace them. Want more AI Infos for Beginners? 📧 Join our Newsletter! This podcast was generated with the help of artificial intelligence. We do fact check with human eyes, but there might still be hallucinations in the output. The topic of the episode was inspired by an episode from the New York Times Podcast "Hard Fork" which I totally recommend - not just the episode, but the whole podcast! Music credit: "Modern Situations by Unicorn Heads"

    #28 Promising Potential for Generative AI at University: Is it a Personal Tutor for Every Pocket | WeAreSTS

    #28 Promising Potential for Generative AI at University: Is it a Personal Tutor for Every Pocket | WeAreSTS

    Mandy dives optimistically into the world of artificial intelligence (AI) and its impact on education as we know it. Think ChatGPT and all those related tools called generative AI. Along the way, we touch on some fundamental and relevant concepts from science and technology studies - including the Turing Test and technological determinism - that can help us gain a more nuanced understanding of emerging technology and big tech. With insights from UCL experts and others in Silicon Valley, we explore the incredible potential of AI to enhance university education, plus we dip into some of the challenges AI ultimately poses to human value.

    This is an episode from the STSNewsRoom 2023.

     

    Featuring

    Interviewer and researcher

    Mandy Huynh

    https://www.linkedin.com/in/mandyhuy/

     

    Interviewee

    Dr Rich Osborne

    https://www.ucl.ac.uk/mathematical-physical-sciences/education/meet-team/richard-osborne

     

    Host

    Professor Joe Cain, UCL Professor of History and Philosophy of Biology

    https://ucl.ac.uk/sts/cain

     

    Resources

    Designing assessment for an AI-enabled world (latest assessment modification suggestions from UCL)

    What if… we really wanted to prepare young people for the age of artificial intelligence?(Rose Luckin, UCL IOE, speaks on a panel)

    AI in the Classroom | Greylock (Reid Hoffman’s interview with ChatGPT)

    Inside OpenAI, the Architect of ChatGPT | The Circuit (Emily Chang interview with Reid Hoffman)

    How AI Could Save (Not Destroy) Education | Sal Khan | TED

    Is AI Our Future Teacher? | AI IRL

     

    Music credits (episode)

    Chasing by NEFFEX

    Lawrence by TrackTribe

    From the YouTube Music Library

     

    Music credits (show)

    Music credits

    “Rollin At 5,” by Kevin MacLeod

    https://filmmusic.io/song/5000-rollin-at-5

     

    Podcast information

    WeAreSTS is a production of the Department of Science and Technology Studies (STS) at University College London (UCL). To find out more, or to leave feedback about the show:

    https://ucl.ac.uk/sts/podcast

     

    Correction

    Mandy said she took Professor Agar’s module in 2023. In fact, she took it in 2022.

     

    EP 74: Should Schools Ban ChatGPT?

    EP 74: Should Schools Ban ChatGPT?


    Should ChatGPT be banned from schools? It's a controversial topic that has people on opposite ends. Some schools have embraced it and others have removed it. Today we take a look at how students are using ChatGPT and if it's helping or hurting them in learning.

    Newsletter: Sign-up for our free daily newsletter
    More on this: Episode Page
    Join the discussion:
    Ask Jordan questions about ChatGPT in schools
    Related episodes:
    Ep 35: How Students Can Use AI to Solve Everyday Problems
    Ep: 55: How to properly leverage AI in the classroom
    Ep 56: How To Govern and Properly Use AI
    Upcoming Episodes: Check out the upcoming Everyday AI Livestream lineup
    Website: YourEverydayAI.com
    Email The Show: info@youreverydayai.com
    Connect with Jordan on LinkedIn

    Timestamps:
    [00:00:17] Daily AI news
    [00:05:30] Schools shouldn't ban ChatGPT
    [00:08:28] ChatGPT can be a valuable learning tool, but underutilized
    [00:14:25] Schools should encourage the use of AI
    [00:17:40] Need to prepare students for ChatGPT in the workforce

    Topics Covered in This Episode:
    - Importance of properly using Chat GPT as a learning tool
       - Majority of students using Chat GPT for writing papers
       - Need for students to learn effective use of Chat GPT

    - Tips for educators to combat student misuse of AI in the classroom
       - Former guest provides advice to educators

    - Rebuttal against banning Chat GPT in schools and universities
       - Lack of understanding by educational institutions
       - Success story of a Harvard student using Chat GPT

    - Limitations of AI content detectors
       - Ineffectiveness in detecting Chat GPT use in papers
       - Closure of OpenAI's AI detection program

    - Concerns about AI impact on elections and criminal activities
       - OpenAI CEO's concerns on personalization and high-quality generated media
       - Criminals creating chat GPT clones for scams and phishing
       - Study on people's inability to differentiate between deep fake voices and real voices

    - Encouragement for schools and universities to embrace AI technologies
       - AI models can better prepare students for future careers
       - Importance of developing skills in high demand

    Keywords:
    AI detectors, schools and universities, unreliable, OpenAI, shut down, lack of accuracy, encourage, AI models, ChatGPT, real world, future careers, banning, prohibiting, academia, develop skills, high demand, embrace, curriculum, students

    EP 55: How to properly leverage AI in the classroom

    EP 55: How to properly leverage AI in the classroom

    Should AI be banned in education? Or should it be used every day, in every assignment? on today's episode of Everyday AI, we jump in to find out!

    Newsletter: Sign-up for our free daily newsletter
    More on this: Episode Page
    Join the discussion: Ask Kelsey and Jordan questions about AI in Education
    Upcoming Episodes: Check out the upcoming Everyday AI Livestream lineup

    Timestamp Overview:
    [00:00:17] AI in education: should it be used?

    [00:05:01] Technology solves teaching problems, including AI.

    [00:06:57] Instructors shouldn't ban AI in classrooms.

    [00:10:48] Using AI for organizing webinar outlines isn't cheating.

    [00:14:00] Experts guide appropriate usage of GPT.

    [00:17:06] EBT technology: varied opinions in education.

    [00:23:10] AI technology makes critical thinking harder. EverydayAI.com.

    [00:24:30] Wrap for today's edition. Subscribe, rate, and visit for more AI magic.


    Key Topics Covered:
    - Introduction to Everyday AI podcast

    - Recent news stories on AI detection of deepfakes, robots giving press conferences, and NVIDIA's market share in AI chips

    - Introduction of guest, Kelsey Behringer, CEO of Packback

    - Using AI in the classroom and the speaker's belief in the importance of critical thinking and easy access to information

    - Announcement of giveaway and promotion of everydayai.com for resources and newsletter

    - Thanking Kelsey for sharing about Packback and answering questions

    - Thanking Kelsey again and invitation to join tomorrow's episode

    - Speaker's personal use of AI tools like ChatGPT for webinar series agendas and outlines

    - Belief that using AI for organizing thoughts and creating outlines is not cheating, as long as students write their own words

    - Recommendation to set clear expectations and guide students on using AI tools correctly

    - Importance of being connected to students and the speaker's love for teaching

    - Discussing the misguided reaction of banning generative AI in classrooms

    - Importance of instructors explaining why AI may not be appropriate in certain situations

    - The benefits of using AI for students who want to learn and get something out of education

    - Acknowledgement that technology cannot fully replace teaching due to the crucial aspects of human interaction and inspiration

    - Suggestion that AI should supplement, not replace, the instructor workflow

    - Caution against using blue books for exams and the impact of GPT and chat to PT technology on writing assignments and prompts

    - The need for authentic assessments and holistic assignments to challenge students

    - Expectation for educators to be dynamic and constantly update assignments, acknowledging the workload

    - Belief that GPT technology can help eliminate tedious tasks and enhance productivity

    - Argument against the idea that technology leads to less critical thinking and application, suggesting it improves the quality of work

    - The possibility of students solely relying on GPT and a need for educators to adapt their teaching methods

    - Personal example of how GPT could have helped the speaker overcome their fear of reading older texts

    - Discussion on legal cases regarding appropriate use of GPT in the future

    - Clear guidelines for using GPT in assignments and conversations with students who violate these guidelines

    Keywords:
    AI technology, ChatGPT, education, AI, university, cheating

    060: Top 10 Challenges Online Schools Face

    060: Top 10 Challenges Online Schools Face

    In this episode, we talk about:

    • The top 10 challenges facing online schools
    • How students and parents can stay engaged in online learning
    • How we address these concerns to make the learning experience rich

    Let us know what you think of this episode! Be sure to leave a review on iTunes or wherever you listen. And if you aren't sure if online is a good fit for you, you can set up a FREE consultation call here: www.mountainpointacademy.com/letschat

    Suspicion, Cheating and Bans: A.I. Hits America’s Schools

    Suspicion, Cheating and Bans: A.I. Hits America’s Schools

    Since its introduction less than a year ago, ChatGPT, the artificial intelligence platform that can write essays, solve math problems and write computer code, has sparked an anguished debate in the world of education. Is it a useful research tool or an irresistible license to cheat?

    Stella Tan, a producer on The Daily, speaks to teachers and students as they finish their first semester with ChatGPT about how it is changing the classroom.

    Guest: Stella Tan, an audio producer for The New York Times.

    Background reading: 

    For more information on today’s episode, visit nytimes.com/thedaily. Transcripts of each episode will be made available by the next workday.

    Episode 33

    Episode 33
    On today's tapes... >> The Essay << A young teacher gives a student a second chance at a writing assignment. What she gets back gives her quite the scare. >> Grassman << A group of friends go camping in the woods. They encounter someone, or something, stalking them. To learn more about listener data and our privacy practices visit: https://www.audacyinc.com/privacy-policy Learn more about your ad choices. Visit https://podcastchoices.com/adchoices

    #129: Rancid Frosting on a Rotten Cupcake (Bret Weinstein & Heather Heying DarkHorse Livestream)

    #129: Rancid Frosting on a Rotten Cupcake (Bret Weinstein & Heather Heying DarkHorse Livestream)

    View on Odysee: https://odysee.com/evolens129:10c420bcb2df7ae0e97adfd3d68a3475a554c70e

     

    View on Spotify (With video): 

     

    *****

     

    In this 129th in a series of live discussions with Bret Weinstein and Heather Heying (both PhDs in Biology), we discuss the state of the world through an evolutionary lens.

     

    This week, we discuss whether we might be in a dark age—an era in which “all of our structures of knowledge are plagued by errors, at all levels, from the trivial to the profound, periphery to the fundamental” (from Patterson essay, linked below). We discuss the failure of academia at all levels, including the fact that specialization has fractured knowledge, the processes of academia have been conflated with the processes of scientific investigation, and the corrupting influences of both governmental and private funding are nearly ubiquitous. We attest that those most enthusiastic about widespread adoption of novel medical technologies should be particularly interested in making sure that those who are injured by such technologies are recognized, and helped. And we discuss what a woman is, and why the very question—and the remarkable number of forms that answers take—points to the epidemic of sophistry that we have discussed before.

     

    *****

     

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    Our book, A Hunter-Gatherer’s Guide to the 21st Century, is available everywhere books are sold, and signed copies are available here: https://darvillsbookstore.indielite.org

     

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    Like this content? Subscribe to the channel, like this video, follow us on twitter (@BretWeinstein, @HeatherEHeying), and consider helping us out by contributing to either of our Patreons or Bret’s Paypal.

     

     

    *****

     

    Q&A Link: https://youtu.be/GcofMYZdaxE

     

    Mentioned in this episode:

     

    Our Present Dark Age, by Steve Patterson, June 2021: https://steve-patterson.com/our-present-dark-age-part-1/

     

    What is a woman? Documentary by Matt Walsh, June 2022: https://www.dailywire.com/videos/what-is-a-woman

     

    I am a woman (and a biologist), by Heather, March 2022: https://naturalselections.substack.com/p/iamawoman?r=83qgf&s=w&utm_campaign=post&utm_medium=web

     

    On the identification of elephants, by Bret, June 2022: https://twitter.com/BretWeinstein/status/1532831431268806656?s=20&t=MbpmAev2k-KiaSU83ahggA

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    Academic Integrity & Plagiarism: Keeping it 'Ouriginal'

    Academic Integrity & Plagiarism: Keeping it 'Ouriginal'

    In this episode of Real Talk, KJK Student & Athlete Defense Attorneys Susan Stone and Kristina Supler are joined by Eric Gibbs, President of academic integrity software tool Ouriginal, to discuss the complex nature of detecting plagiarism and promoting academic integrity. They also discuss the impact of the pandemic on cheating, the issue of academic file sharing sites and the opportunities for parents and educators to create teachable moments with their students.


    TRANSCRIPT:

    Susan Stone:

    Welcome back to Real Talk with Susan Stone and Kristina Supler. We’re full-time moms and attorneys bringing our student defense legal practice to light with real candid conversations. Today’s topic is cheating. Kristina, when we started our practice and dealt with misconduct cases we always had maybe one cheating case a year, but oh my gosh we’re getting to the point where it seems like we’re flooded with calls and we have to have a podcast talking about this issue because it can’t be a coincidence.

    Kristina Supler:

    Yeah, it’s been so interesting to see the rise of cheating in really plagiarism cases, especially. I mean, I think we’ve all sort of settled into life in the pandemic and working remotely, students doing distance learning, but wow. I think with students working on computers, it’s been really interesting to see a surge in these academic integrity cases. I think schools also appear to be more adept at sort of being wise to what students may or may not be doing with this issue of cheating and plagiarism.

    Susan Stone:

    Yeah, I agree and it also seems like there’s very little appetite to engage in an open conversation with students because, what’s going to lead us to the next guest, once a school uses a plagiarism or cheating detection software, for them, it’s a predetermined you’re responsible and we want to expel you. So with that in mind, Kristina, why don’t you introduce our first guest?

    Kristina Supler:

    Yes, we are pleased to be joined today by Eric Gibbs. Eric is president of Ouriginal, which is a software that helps schools detect issues with students in academic integrity. Eric has worked in this, I guess what you call, education technology industry for over 20 years now. He’s extremely familiar with the software and the space and we’re pleased to have Eric with us today to talk about our Ouriginal. Thanks for joining us, Eric.

    Eric Gibbs:

    Thank you very much, Susan and Kristina. Look forward to the conversation.

    Susan Stone:

    And there’s a lot to talk about here, Eric. First of all, tell us about your company, and we’re calling you a plagiarism detection software. Are we right in framing it that way? Give us a little background first.

    Eric Gibbs:

    Yeah, so Ouriginal is an academic integrity tool that assists institutions, could be a higher education college, university, or a K-12 district or high school. It really assists them in identifying or utilizing the tool for written work. What we’re assisting them in doing is, we’ve really spent the last 20 years, assisting them with plagiarism prevention efforts. I said academic integrity but really the last 20 years we’ve spent on the plagiarism prevention effort.

    I don’t say plagiarism detection, because I’m here to kind of demystify that with your listeners. There’s no such thing as plagiarism detection. So students today, they get extremely nervous when they submit their artifact, their essay, their personal narrative, their discussion board post. They submit it to an ether, right? Black box. They expect to get a similarity score, this number back. They get that number back and they actually think that’s some type of plagiarized score, and that’s just not the case. It was something that was created 20 years ago and that’s just, unfortunately not the case. So maybe we can kind of flesh out kind what these plagiarism prevention tools or text similarity detection tools do, and how they’ve evolved to really support institution’s academic integrity initiatives.

    Susan Stone:

    I agree because I think that just because your answer is similar to someone else’s does not necessarily mean you cheated. Don’t you agree Kristina? Because we’ve seen it.

    Kristina Supler:

    Yeah. I mean, I would say in our practice, we have a nationwide law practice where we represent students at colleges and universities across the country. Look, I’ll be honest, we’ve had students who just flagrantly cheated, but then we’ve also had a lot of students who get caught in this gray area, where perhaps it’s a collaboration course and software flagged an essay and then before you know it, the student’s hopes and dreams of medical school have been dashed because of some problem set in a challenging science class. And so, here we are. But I guess before we sort of talk about the software, I want to back up and. At the beginning we talked about the pandemic and the rise as of these academic integrity cases that Susan and I have seen in our practice. And I’m just curious, Eric, what are your thoughts? Do you think that in today’s day and age of technology, the temptation for students to cheat is greater than it used to be? I mean, what would you say about that and how these numbers for cheating cases have risen through the pandemic?

    Eric Gibbs:

    Yeah, I mean, I think certainly the pandemic has complicated things. So with respect to education, the global pandemic has challenged the very basic idea of instruction, attendance, testing, funding and certainly the role of technology. And that technology is, if you look at it, it’s classrooms and it’s also online. So for schools and institutions that were delivering courses online, they were completely ahead of this massive learning and migration curve. For those that were strictly face-to-face, holy cow. Come March and April of last year, welcome to online learning. And this was something that wasn’t just an introduction. This was a forced push into remote, online learning. So now you’re having to learn not only video lecture. You’re having to learn about online pedagogical course design. You’re having to learn about new technology. It really was unfair both to two stakeholders: the instructor and also the students. So there’s some students just are not equipped to actually learn online. Let’s be honest. And so that-

    Susan Stone:

    It’s not the same.

    Eric Gibbs:

    No.

    Susan Stone:

    I just want to be very clear. I do not think you’re ever going to get the same experiences being in a room, and that energy.

    Eric Gibbs:

    So yeah. So Susan, there’s a way for us to actually bridge this, and so with good pedagogical course design, good technology and good coaching, you can actually kind of merge the two and get closer. We’re just not there yet. But with respect to academic integrity – so this is kind of the underlying theme that we’re talking about. If you skim the headlines in any education publication, and it really doesn’t even have to be education, it could be a major news source. You could potentially conclude that cheating cases are tipping the scales. Both remote and online learning has opened the floodgates to massive cheating scandals, right? I would argue that really that a magnifying glass has simply been lowered to expose an issue that’s been going on for years now, and it’s just not its scale. This is something that we see at Ouriginal which we assist individuals, as I said, with academic integrity initiatives with technology.

    Again, it’s kind of that one pillar of the three. So, technology is not going to solve all of your issues. It’s good course design, it’s that coaching and mentoring and then the technology is a deterrence, let’s be honest. Here’s the issue. If you’re exposing this and it’s already been there and now you’re pushing every single student in every single course now online, you have this massive issue, right? The massive scale. So you would expect to see more cheating issues and cheating scandals to come to the surface. So I say that you’re just now starting to see, at scale, stuff that was already going on prior to the pandemic.

    Susan Stone:

    Well, we know that’s true. Look, even back when I went to school, there were sororities, fraternities, sports teams that had paper files where you could get an old test and Kristina, we’re seeing-

    Kristina Supler:

    But Susan, you never looked at those materials, right?

    Susan Stone:

    Of course not. You know why I never looked? Because my parents never put pressure on me to get the A. They just thought, “Eh, whatever you get, you get.” And I tell my own kids that. Just do your best. But that begs the question. Now the file shares are in Dropboxes, right?

    Eric Gibbs:

    Yeah. We’ve really kind of crossed the chasm to kind of normalizing behaviors of these temptations to cheat. So it’s more now if the rest of the class is doing it, can I risk not doing it? You touched on it, Susan, and this is something that I’ve been talking about for a while. And I really talk about it kind of as this digital sharing economy. It’s these academic file sharing sites. So is it different than the times of the cliff notes or even kind of the, the essays in the sororities or fraternities? I actually think it is, this is more serious and it’s at larger scale.

    Susan Stone:

    You know what, even in law school, Kristina, did you use nutshells?

    Kristina Supler:

    On occasion, but the whole idea of rushing to the law library and finding cases and books and ripping them out and all of that, that didn’t happen. But it certainly was the beginning of the whole study support economy, I guess, if you will. Since then, it’s just remarkable all these, I don’t know, third party sources for students. Let me ask you this, Eric these unauthorized file sharing sites, Susan and I have had countless numbers of these cases and, again, it’s not just fraternities and sororities, it’s sports teams-

    Susan Stone:

    No.

    Kristina Supler:

    -it’s science club, you name it.

    Eric Gibbs:

    Yeah.

    Kristina Supler:

    I mean, all the kids, there’s various student groups doing it.

    Susan Stone:

    Yeah, groups of friends create file share.

    Kristina Supler:

    That’s right. That’s right. What, for our parent listeners, what should parents know about these sites and what conversations should they be having with their students about the danger of accessing these materials?

    Eric Gibbs:

    Yeah. I mean, I think this poses a real risk to academic integrity, but it also, this is a personal integrity issue as well. And I think that parents need to know this as, and my wife and I have a junior in high school, and this is a common conversation. Has been a conversation now for several years at our dinner table. I think, unfortunately we find ourselves in a whack-a-mole scenario where many of these websites are out there, and so the International Center for Academic Integrity has identified about 670 of these academic file sharing sites.

    Susan Stone:

    Wow.

    Eric Gibbs:

    And you said that some of these are unlawful. Some of these are publicly traded companies. Let’s be honest here, billion dollar companies that have been funded by some major capital here.

    Susan Stone:

    Eric, is that different than like Chegg where you can get homework help?

    Eric Gibbs:

    You know, I’d prefer, Susan, not to kind of go into different companies. I think that this is one of those things where individuals will not have a hard time finding findings specific companies or resources in this.

    Susan Stone:

    No, but what I’m asking you is a different question and I apologize if I framed it wrong. Companies that assist with homework are different and can be legitimately used versus a file share. Wouldn’t you agree?

    Eric Gibbs:

    I think that… I don’t know, Susan. I think you have to look at this and where I want to go with this is, I think university and school administrators need to be more familiar with the unauthorized use of the professor or teacher’s course content. And this is the bigger issue. This gives magnitude of hundreds of millions of artifacts. And these artifacts that I talk about – quizzes, lab manuals, essays, exams – that are in current circulation that are sent to these file sharing sites, right? So this is the Napster of academia. So students actually are solicited or send files to some of these file sharing companies or sites, or however you want to describe them. Then these companies then can then sell this information, right? So they’re sending back then the answers from the students that have actually submitted. Students then will get a token for future submissions. Essentially, it’s just, I don’t want to say a scheme, but you basically get credits to be able to actually create additional solicitations.

    Susan Stone:

    What do you mean by credit? Is that money?

    Eric Gibbs:

    It’s basically you create an account, you then can get two additional submissions, or you can use utilize two papers. I’m going to use the word papers, because it’s reflective of what, at Ouriginal, we could actually then deter. You get two credits, I could then say, okay, I’m going to actually take or search for my psychology papers. If I put in my business paper or my business homework, then I’m going to get two more credits, right? So I can then take now two more credits to go back and look for my chemistry work now that I want to look for. And then if I put in then my econ homework, then I’m going to get three more credits. So it’s just this continual scheme of the more content that I put in, the more content then I can actually pull out. So this-

    Susan Stone:

    Oh my gosh.

    Eric Gibbs:

    Again, I empathize with both students and instructors. So on the instructors side, if we go back to the three pillars, good course design. For an instructor to create good, high quality content, they have to take hours. I mean, don’t create a multiple choice question or assessment.

    Susan Stone:

    Exactly.

    Eric Gibbs:

    That it’s going to take minutes, if not seconds, for students to be able to share. Create something that’s going to take very… It’s something that’s going to take critical thinking skills or something that’s non-traditional. Go out and require them to actually video themselves doing a personal narrative, or do something… a vlog, right? As soon as that gets submitted, that question, to one of these academic file sharing sites, that immediately is gone and you can change it around but what happens to that intellectual property of the instructor that now is actually submitted to the academic file sharing site? It immediately is then submitted to all of those students that now are actually sharing this, right? Then I empathize with that instructor that has taken a couple hours, four or five hours, that they’re trying to do their best work. Again, to avoid the multiple choice or the easy way out.

    So, this is where you don’t want to normalize the behavior that’s trending with that file sharing or that study smarter study quicker. Move away from the model that rewards attainment of degrees that one could identify proves the skills would be highly desirable from the workforce. So here’s the issue. The International Center for Academic Integrity said that where are those programs that cheat have integrity issues the most? It’s business, it’s engineering, it’s nursing. Those were the top three. So structurally do I want to drive across a bridge if I know that it’s compromised engineering? Nursing, I get into a critical car crash. Do I want to go to the ICU if I… This is where it’s not just about my individual class, it’s this class that actually then builds upon other classes that also then builds upon skills, that builds upon competencies, that builds upon a degree, that this is a bigger issue for the institution that then also is then granting this degree or granting this badge or granting this certificate.

    Susan Stone:

    Right. Eric, I want to just challenge you on something and circle back and loop back at your beginning story of once you put your paper through the software people are scared. And I can tell you from representing some students who, in my soul and heart, I believe, look we’re never there, that I believe did not cheat. Kristina and I, we have kids who just tell us their darkest and deepest, but we have kids that will cry and say they did their own work. And we are concerned that once they’re labeled and that’s on their transcript, those students don’t get to go to med school or graduate school. Do you believe in your heart of hearts… Do you agree with us that many innocent students who don’t access those files get caught in this web?

    Eric Gibbs:

    They could. I think there’s a difference also between a plagiarism prevention tool and utilizing a tool that’s an academic file sharing tool that we’re talking about. So a plagiarism prevention tool, like an Ouriginal, all we’re doing is we’re matching where the content’s coming from. So to give you an example, like with Ouriginal, we’re matching, and that’s the reason why I don’t call it a plagiarism detection tool. That had a misnomer from the very get go from some of these early plagiarism prevention tools, or text similarity detection. So when a student puts in a two page paper, what a tool like Ouriginal does, is it matches archived internet sources. So for us, it’s 20 years worth. It might look at Wikipedia, Discovery, so we’re constantly crawling and indexing and archiving sources. Academic and scholarly journals, and then student materials as well.

    So then what we do is then we provide to the evaluator, as well as the student, then the student can see where the citations are, or I’m sorry, the content. Essentially then, the evaluator makes the decision of, is this plagiarized or is this not? So we are only showing where there’s similarity within that content. So the evaluator at the end of that actual submission is making the end judgment. So that’s very different from somebody actually taking a test, a physical test from one of these academic file sharing sites, and actually from last semester, that’s exactly the same within a learning management system and completing it in 8.7 minutes. Knowing that it’s going to take you at least 72 minutes to actually complete. There’s different metrics that you can actually track upon. I think there’s many data points that you have to consider, to make judgment calls. But for us, all we are doing is providing information to an evaluator to make a decision.

    Kristina Supler:

    So that makes me think though, I know Eric, preparing for this podcast today, doing some reading and listening on the internet. Susan, Eric said on another podcast, students sometimes match internet information up to 70% and I think that it sort of… It begs the question, thinking about how academic integrity at times is a two-way street. I think it warrants consideration of how professors test students.

    Susan Stone:

    I agree, Kristina. Do you think it promotes laziness when they don’t change the questions?

    Eric Gibbs:

    Susan, that’s a loaded question. I’m not going to go down the- [crosstalk 00:21:39].

    Susan Stone:

    I told you!

    Eric Gibbs:

    I’m not going the laziness route.

    Susan Stone:

    We have to. Our show, Eric, our show. Come on, let’s talk about this.

    Eric Gibbs:

    I think what I’ll do is I’ll pivot around the understanding of the tool. Let’s use that 70% similarity score. So, if we talk about how the tool works, as a student submits the two page paper, after they submit that two page paper, they get the paper back and they see that the score is 70%. So you can’t actually go out, in a professional development or as Ouriginal comes out and trains the faculty, trains the institution, we don’t go out and say, “Anything over or 40%, there’s room for concern. It could be plagiarized.” It’s always about the individual content. If I write a paper on what I did on my holiday last March, and I get a score of 70%, and I wrote about going to Paris on March 10th and we visited the Eiffel Tower and my aunt Mary Lou is the one that went at 3:12 to the Eiffel tower. If it’s 70%, we have a serious issue because there’s not very many Mary Lou’s that went on March 10th at 3:12 to the Eiffel Tower, because there shouldn’t be that much similarity and that much… Now we’re talking about collusion, right? That much match.

    But if we’re talking about a paper on Romeo, or let me say the War of 1812. We know the battles, we know the individual key facts. You would expect a two page paper on the War of 1812, and if it’s even a specific battle, you would expect to see probably a very high similarity score, because there’s only so much personal statement that you can actually put in there to make it unique. So you are going to see a high score and if you’re putting cite quotes around it or citations in the paper, those citations are going to match and then that’s also going to then match other sources. Which would then again, create a higher similarity score. So you would expect to see maybe a higher score than that maybe that’s around that 70% score. So, it’s based upon the individual content of the actual paper.

    Susan Stone:

    So really what you’re saying is it’s not necessarily the professor, because some coursework and some tests can only be posited a certain way.

    Eric Gibbs:

    That’s correct. And so that’s where there’s a misunderstanding. That’s the reason why there’s not a plagiarism detection tool out there. I can’t say that it’s been plagiarized if it’s been properly cited, right? That’s the reason why it’s a text similarity detection. It’s matching the individual text from a scholarly journal from Cengage Learning or from a specific article. So we’re just exposing that to the individual evaluator. And from a teaching and learning perspective, Kristina and Susan, what we’re doing is we’re now giving the student the ability to go back in there and to make sure it’s properly cited. If it’s not properly cited, then that’s another issue that the student should be able to go back in and actually change that.

    Kristina Supler:

    I think this issue of proper citation, I find it interesting to think about citation in the context of collaboration courses. And I know Susan, I mean, we’ve had countless cases where the professors state in the syllabus, the students can collaborate with one another, but then fast forward, our student submits his or her essay and gets flagged for an academic integrity violation. And those cases really, I know I get so frustrated and I think you feel the same way, Susan.

    Susan Stone:

    Yeah, I do. I really appreciate the way Eric is kind of framing things from both sides, but again, when you work with people… I mean, I even know sometimes you and I can complete each other’s sentences.

    Kristina Supler:

    Sure, that’s right. So, I mean, it begs the question, Eric. Is it fair to use this software in courses that allow for collaboration? I mean, what are your thoughts on that?

    Eric Gibbs:

    Yeah, I mean, I think there are ways to utilize the tool extremely effective for collaboration. I actually want to backtrack a little bit on the citation as a sign. Again, going back to my son, having him, he’s absolutely horrible at citing tools, or citing and referencing. I think part of it, especially given the fact he’s a junior in high school, it’s frustrating because they just… It’s the same type of premor or type of resources that we received back in school. I mean, if we want to talk about good technology, there’s ways to actually have technology just cite the tool, cite it for you, right? I mean, we’re to a point now that those efficiency tools are already there for you. I’m still just amazed that we’re still going back to the days of old where proper citations should be required of the student. That was my soapbox.

    Moving on to collaboration. I think there are ways… I think it’s good to be able to have students, and within specific learning management systems, there are peer feedback and peer reviewed capabilities that allow the students to actually utilize the software, such as an Ouriginal, to utilize it to be able to see… A. How other students have actually cited the content, provide feedback on that as an intermediary step for the instructor. So it actually is almost like a buffer before the final submission. We’re big proponents of that. We think that actually is a helpful teaching and learning moment for the individual student. We think it’s a good pedagogical tool. It’s very time consuming. It works in a 50 student class. How do you actually incorporate that in a 2,000 person class? It’s a little bit harder, but there are ways to actually utilize the tool. Again, through technological solutions through the learning management system.

    Susan Stone:

    Look, we like collaboration. I know that Kristina and I pride ourselves when we’re working on a case, that we deliver what we think is a different strategy for clients because we challenge each other and because we collaborate. So I would hate for collaboration to end in the classroom.

    Eric Gibbs:

    Yeah.

    Kristina Supler:

    Also, it’s interesting to hear you talk about how one of the questions we were actually, when Susan and I were brainstorming on what do we really want to ask him? Something that we were thinking about was… Okay, how does this software… You understand how it promotes academic integrity and helps professors and institutions, but at the end of the day, how does it really facilitate these teachable moments as opposed to the “gotcha” moments? And you’ve touched on that a little bit, but I’d be curious to hear more because I think so often, for students, again, there’s this fear that there’s this software now, professors are getting lazy, TAs aren’t reading my papers. They just upload it to software, I get flagged, all hope is lost, and what do I do if I’m not in a situation where my parents can hire Susan and Kristina to help me? So, I mean, what could you say about that more so that students don’t have this fear?

    Susan Stone:

    We’re going back to the fear question.

    Eric Gibbs:

    Yeah, I know.

    Susan Stone:

    And it’s asking it three times.

    Eric Gibbs:

    I truly empathize with students and this is something that even from a company perspective, our business model is we license our software to the institution. So I want to be very transparent with your listeners that our business model is we do not sell to individual students. We do not license individual faculty members. We sell to the institution. So we’re supporting their institutional academic integrity initiatives.

    My heart is with the students. So I want to be crystal clear here, and maybe to set the stage and to give your listeners a way to understand this. Go to Twitter and type in plagiarism detection tool or similarity report. You can actually see when students actually submit their paper, the fear of God coming into the student’s mind when they actually submit that paper. They don’t understand that the percentage that they’re getting to, and this goes back to questions prior, they don’t understand the percentage that they’re getting, that 72% or 95%, is not a plagiarism score. They have no clue.

    And what does that mean? It means that there’s not been proper expectations set at. Even though, and so this is where it’s kind of ironic, and I kind of… I’m going to chuckle a little because plagiarism prevention tools have been used in their high schools, they’ve been now used in their college courses. They’ve been exposed to these types of tools forever. So that just tells you how long, kind of the ball’s been going downhill and misinformed. It’s not a plagiarism detection tool, but they’ve submitted that and they have the fear of God when they hit that button and they get that 72%. And so you will have some paranoid students that try to remove a couple of words, change a couple of paragraphs to get that 72% down to 58%. Is that a teaching and learning moment? Absolutely not. That is absolutely the worst thing that a student can do to try to game the system. And is it a good use of time? No, it’s absolutely horrible. That is the worst thing that you can ever get out of a tool like a plagiarism prevention tool.

    So how do you actually inform that? It’s going back and re-modernizing your academic integrity tool. So for all those Directors of Academic Integrity, we have an annual conference with the International Center for Academic Integrity. We have those conversations. We’re having those conversations to try to better inform and put the student voice first. Those conversations are happening. And so we started off this conversation of how do you actually get away from the one strike and out policy? Institutions are using this as a teachable moment. I think we’re moving to that.

    Momentum is changing and one of the individuals that I believe, Dr. Trisha Bertram Gallant from the University of California, San Diego. She’s an outspoken, an individual person first and foremost, but she’s outspoken to try to move this into… Make it a teachable moment. Why should one plagiarism case when you mis-cited it, be out of the University of Missouri Columbia or out of Ole’ Miss? That doesn’t make sense. Maybe it made sense 20 years ago. It doesn’t make sense today. So, I’ll be on record for that. But what it does make sense is make it a teachable moment. Have those conversations and let’s revisit and modernize. I’m going to use that word again, modernize our academic integrity.

    Susan Stone:

    You know, Eric, I love what you’re saying, and I hope institutions move to that model. Sadly, by the time when a student calls us, they’re obviously not using that model and our students are looking at their whole academic career being compromised and threatened. It’s a difficult place, so we hope that any educational institution that might have Directors of Conduct listening to this podcast might think about your model and reach out to you, Eric. And until then, we’re here for you should things go wrong.

    Eric Gibbs:

    Well, Susan also let’s think about on the magnitude. I mean, plagiarism case versus the academic file sharing sites that we’re talking about. It’s different as night and day. Now there… I’ll also, I do want to preface and there is the caveat. If you’re buying a paper or if you’re completely copying and pasting, there is a difference. So there are-

    Susan Stone:

    We are on the same page. We are not talking about people who go in and copy and paste.

    Eric Gibbs:

    Right.

    Susan Stone:

    We’re not talking about those cases, I think. And that, that is a great clarification. We’re trying to deal with the more nuanced issue here.

    Eric Gibbs:

    Right.

    Susan Stone:

    But thank you for that clarification, because in those cases, students should be put through the process and disciplined appropriately. Which could be anything from suspension or expulsion.

    Eric Gibbs:

    And the last thing that I would mention is I think transparency, as we probably all would agree, makes sense, in this conversation. If we know academic file sharing sites are an issue, it should be made… in this whole conversation about modernizing our academic integrity approach, it should be put in the academic integrity policy. So if we know a specific academic file sharing site is a major player, put it in your academic integrity policy. Full disclosure. You can’t use this tool. You can’t use this website. Therefore, there’s no issue. So if you get caught and you, you utilize the tool, it’s stated, there’s no issue, right? Therefore there should be no confusion on what is right and wrong.

    Susan Stone:

    You know, what? What about just having kids sit in a classroom with a pencil and a piece of paper and no computer and take a test?

    Kristina Supler:

    Imagine that.

    Eric Gibbs:

    I think so too. I think those days might be over Susan, though.

    Susan Stone:

    Oh my gosh.

    Kristina Supler:

    Well, I thank you for joining us, Eric. I think you’ve given us a lot to think about and I think you’ve provided a lot of valuable information for parents, as well, to reflect on. And conversations for parents to have with their students to stay out of trouble and just think about good academic habits as a whole. To our listeners, thank you for joining us today, Real Talk with Susan and Kristina. If you enjoyed this episode, please do subscribe to our show. Never miss an episode and leave a review so that other people can find the content we share here as well. You can also follow us on Instagram, just search our handle @StoneSupler, and for more resources, visit us online at studentdefense.kjk.com. Thank you for being a part of our Real Talk Community today and we will see you next time.