There was this brief moment a couple years ago when it looked like Americans just might finally get their credit card spending in check. We were spending less during COVID and those federal stimulus checks meant a lot of us were actually making more money. But then when those ended and inflation reared its ugly head and came back around, it really caught people off guard and they're digging themselves deeper and deeper into debt in order to make ends meet.
Over the past year and a half, as Americans were putting more on their credit cards than ever before, interest rates rose on those cards by nearly a third. I could put all of my entire paycheck towards paying it off for the entire year, and it would still take me about two years to pay it all off.
Plus interest, so. Coming up on Today Explained, we're revisiting an episode from earlier this year about how Americans racked up over a trillion dollars in credit card debt and what it'll take to get out of it.
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It's Today Explained. I'm John Cohen Hill, filling in his house. And today, we're talking to this guy. I'm Nick Woolney, and I'm a managing editor at CNET and a finance journalist. Nick's been following the rapid growth of credit card debt, talking to banks and credit card companies and regular people dealing with debt. And he says, the first thing you've got to understand about credit cards right now is interest rates.
In Q1 of 2024, the Federal Reserve reported that the average credit card rate is 21.59%. This is a record high. We've been above 20% for a year. And for retail cards, Target, or you go to wherever it is, and I'm just trying to buy dish soap. And they're like, do you have this card? Do you have the red card? All those retail cards, those tend to have an average closer to 30%.
And so in the moment, if someone is cash strapped or particularly there tends to be something like sign on bonus or perhaps a credit and opportunity to save some extra money in the moment, a lot of people will fall prey to that and not realize that they have this 30% interest charge that is accruing on this and they just have this lagging credit card debt that persists as a result.
I wonder, do people understand what they're getting into when they get these high limit, high interest credit cards and then don't pay off their balance every month? Do people even realize that they're getting a high limit, high interest credit card?
I don't think so. When I interviewed a financial planner at Northwestern Mutual last year, she pointed out that her clients would regularly say, oh, I'm good. I'm making the minimum payment. I'm good. I'm paying my credit card. And she's like, no, that's the minimum payment. And these are the people who are probably more fiscally savvy if they've hired a financial advisor, right? If you've hired a financial advisor at Northwestern Mutual,
You're probably at least thinking about your money and about your expenses and things like that. And those people are saying, oh, I'm good at making the minimum payment. I'm good. It's quite hard to visualize how much something actually costs when you're just making these very, very small payments. And it's difficult for us, I think, to realize the total amount of interest and how much extra interest we would pay.
So let's say you're carrying a $1,000 balance on your credit card. Two years ago, if you were making minimum payments, it would have cost you $729 an interest to pay it off. At today's rates, you are paying almost $1,200 an interest.
You know, credit cards didn't used to be as profitable as they are right now. And it also used to be that the minimum monthly payment was 5% of your balance. In the 1980s, some very smart mathematicians realized that if they made two tweaks to credit card culture, there'd be a lot more profit to be made. And those two tweaks were to lower the minimum monthly payment from 5% to 2%. And then to increase people's credit limit.
And so it makes the consumer feel good in the moment because rather than being almost maxed out on your credit card, if you have a much higher limit, you're not as maxed out, you've got a lot of wiggle room. And then if your minimum monthly payment is less, then it's like, oh, this is not so bad. It's only 2% of my balance rather than 5% of my balance. What that all meant is that people were more likely to have higher balances. The average household is now carrying about $6,500 in credit card debt that is the highest in almost four decades.
As you were doing that explanation, I couldn't help but hear the voice of my mom. I remember the first time my credit card limit got raised, and I didn't add. They were just like, yeah, hey, girl, you want some more thousands to spend? And my mom was like, no, that's what they want. Don't do it.
Someone I spoke to last year as well talked about his name was Josue Henriquez lives in San Francisco. And he talked about how when he emigrated to the US, he wanted to build his credit to eventually buy a house one day. And so he took out a credit card when he was 18 and he got a $500 limit, which does not exist anymore. But over time, as his limit increased, as he got more credit card offers, fast forward 10 years,
he's $25,000 in debt, he has to work with a debt consolidation company to pay it all down, completely wrecks his credit score because of what's needed in order to work with those creditors and things like that. And then during COVID, he lost his job. And so even though he had paid it all down, you know, after
seven or eight months, he was back to $20,000 in credit card debt just to make ends meet. And I think that him sharing that story with me just felt like something that is a paradigm for what a lot of people are experiencing with credit cards. They're just trying to make ends meet. They're just trying to survive. They're slowly trying to pay it down and pay a little bit extra every month or every other month. But because people have so little in savings, you're one car problem away from being knocked all the way back to the beginning, so to speak.
My name is Sam calling from Greenville, South Carolina. I had to use credit cards to get me through college because the federal government would not want me enough money to make ends meet. I am now working almost 80 hours a week just to make the minimum payments on my credit card. Hi, my name is Olena. I am from Atlanta, Georgia, and I am actually about to file for bankruptcy because of just the high cost of living.
It has put me into really deep credit card debt. I can't even make the minimum payment anymore. Hi, my name is Lillian. I'm 26 years old. I live in Nashville, Tennessee. I currently pay off my credit card every month at the end of the month. But it has been a major problem with me saving money. Just not being able to save for as extra $2,000 a month because it's all going towards the credit card.
So yeah, just trying to keep more in touch with what I'm spending every month, but it's hard to do when all of your spending, including your groceries, your gas, your day-to-day expenses, go on the credit card. Is this credit card debt evenly distributed throughout demographics, or are there subsets of people in the country who are feeling this a lot more?
One group that's having a hard time when it comes to credit card debt is Gen Z. A report from the Federal Reserve Bank of New York found that one in every seven Gen Z credit card borrowers are completely maxed out on their balances. One factor to this is that Gen Z credit card holders have much lower limits to begin with.
So the median credit limit for Gen Z was $4,500, whereas it's over $16,000 for all the other generations. But it illustrates how younger borrowers get trapped in this cycle right from the start, especially when they either aren't earning enough or they're using a card as their emergency fund since they don't have that safety net established yet.
There was also a recent study from TransUnion, which found that 84% of 22 to 24 year olds had a credit card in 2023. When that same age bracket was measured with millennials back in 2013, only 61% of them had a credit card. So it's not really a kids being kids argument, whether they want to or they need to, Gen Z consumers are opening up and using their credit cards sooner than previous generations.
I wanna talk about the almighty credit score, like which is part of the reason people even get credit cards in the first place, you know? You needed to get a car, you needed to get a house, like you need it for all these things. What is this doing to people's credit scores?
Utilization is a pretty chunky part of credit score. It accounts for 30% of the overall FICO score. So in the moment, as long as people are paying their credit cards and they're not maxing themselves out in terms of their balances, it won't necessarily impact their credit score. Delinquency does impact a credit score, right? If you start missing payments, then you're going to get dinged for that.
It's also a great point that credit score culture in general is kind of twisted. And for most people, when they're young, the easiest way to build up your credit history and to get a line of credit of some kind is the credit card, that's the fastest way to open up a line of credit in most cases.
And so we kind of have this culture that, I mean, not even just culture, it's just in terms of how people buy a house, how people buy a car, your credit score, it's very much your financial rating. It's your track record. And so it's kind of difficult for us to divorce ourselves from credit card culture because of that.
Yeah, I guess it's like, it's one of those things where it's like, okay, in the grand scheme, you probably need a credit card before your frontal lobe develops, but it's like, should you have a credit card before your frontal lobe develops? I don't know. I think of me at 21. No, take that away from her.
Well, and last year I spoke to a financial educator who teaches classes in high schools, teaches financial literacy classes in high schools, and something she pointed out, she said this happens in every single class, kids will, well, they won't raise their hand in the class. They'll come up to her afterwards, you know, and they'll say, you know, my parents gave me this credit card, and it's just, it feels like it's just like free money, you know, and it's like, oh, you know, so the parent, it feels like they're doing a good job in terms of opening up a credit card and helping their child with their credit history.
But for many of those kids, they don't, they don't understand why they have the credit card and they don't understand how to use it. And, you know, I would assert that young people are perhaps more impulsive, you know, at times as they start to come into adulthood and things like that. And so just having that financial literacy piece in place, you know, is really, really important. More with CNET's Nick Walney when today explained returns.
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Today explained we're back with CNET's Nick Walney talking credit cards. Okay, Nick, wasn't their legislation post financial crisis that was supposed to fix all of this and ease the burden on credit card holders?
I mean, there was, and it did ease some of the burden. But, you know, when you're 100 feet down the rabbit hole and you get a law that gets passed and, you know, you come 10 feet back up, you're still quite far down the rabbit hole. The Card Act. Credit card accountability, responsibility and disclosure. That was in 2009. Statements will be required to tell credit card holders how long it will take to pay off a balance.
and what it'll cost in interest if they only make the minimum monthly payments. We also put a stop to retroactive rate hikes that appear on a bill suddenly with no rhyme or reason. It gave consumers at least 21 days from the date of statement to actually pay their bill. And this law ends the practice of shifting payment dates. This always used to bug me. You know, when you'd get like suddenly it was due on the 19th, when it had been the 31st,
It limited excessive marketing to young adults. There was a lot of marketing towards college students, right, that who might be more susceptible to, you know, to getting a credit card before they have, you know, a fully robust financial education, financial literacy. So it did make a little bit of a dent, but unfortunately we're dealing with quite a large boulder here. And so, you know, there's more work to be done certainly.
How did we get to the point where there can be these wild, wild interest rates? Regulations have loosened on credit card interest rates, and there are a few reasons why. Some history here, there was a Supreme Court opinion that came out in 1978, Marquette National Bank versus First of Omaha Corp.
And this opinion allowed national banks to be governed by the usually laws of the state that they are headquartered. And so famously in the late 70s, Citibank was just absolutely drowning. Inflation was extremely high circa 1980.
It was actually so high that banks like Citibank were losing money on every single dollar that was on a credit card because they were capped on how much interest they could charge their consumers. So Citibank famously courted the governor of South Dakota and said, hey, we'd love to move our headquarters to South Dakota. Will your legislature invite us to come to South Dakota?
And they agreed, so they abolished the usually laws in South Dakota. City Bank moved there, several other banks moved there. Delaware followed, Nevada followed. And so as a result, no matter what state you live in, if you have a credit card from that bank and that bank is headquartered in Delaware or South Dakota, that bank can charge whatever it wants to on the credit card. And as a result, you have this very deregulated landscape that allows national banks to jack up those credit card rates.
So we're at a record high right now, but have Americans always carried credit card debt since these cards have been available? Of course. What else is it for? Like all the way back in the 1950s, those very first credit cards that came out, there was a card called Diner's Club, which was one of the first forms of a credit card.
It's easy to spot a member of the club. Last year, Dina's club members had over 10 million fine meals, took over 500,000 vacations, and saved in many helping of Chapsui. And it was really, it was very much branded as this social club card, right? You could go out, be in the Dina's club and things like that.
and it was branded very much as an identity. That was also a candidate, just a lot of the marketing and branding in general in the 1950s. Like when you put your Amex on the card and we're like, ooh, it's so heavy. It's metal. You know you made it when your cards go from sounding like this to sounding like this.
Or do you see this is a trend on TikTok now? Gen Z is showing off their Amexes as a Flash. That sounds like a good way to get your credit card information stolen. Right? That's what I thought. Like, don't flash your Platinum Amex to me. And so that's kind of interesting for them as well. It's like the social cloud of having the Platinum Amex is worth the $695 annual fee.
to that. But if you look at the total credit card debt in America, it's just gone up and up and up and up and up. We had two corrections. We had a correction in the housing crisis. And then we also had a correction during COVID where people were like, Oh crap, I better pay this down. And in case I lose my job. And so we did see corrections there. But otherwise, we have seen that numbers steadily go up. Another reason we're trying to sound the alarm now is that people are really struggling right now.
Historically, in Q1 of each year, we see a little bit of a payoff. People come off the holidays. They're like, oh, God, what have I done? And they're actually responsible. There's some of that New Year's resolution energy as well. People tend to pay down some of the balance. So we usually see a dimple in that line graph.
And for the last two years, so Q1 of 2023 and this Q1 as well, people didn't really do that. So even most recently, we went from $1.13 trillion to $1.12 trillion. And this is the quarter where people are supposed to be really making a dent and paying down their balances.
So it's concerning to some economists that people are not following that usual behavior, that people are actually meeting their credit card in order to make ends meet. And there's also some concern that in terms of consumer spending, which accounts for a large part of overall GDP, that that is perhaps being propped up somewhat by people using their credit cards and spending money that they don't necessarily have.
Are there states or lawmakers who are advocating for capping these interest rates right now?
Yeah, I mean, it's happened multiple times. It tends to die in legislation or when it gets to a certain House committee or a Senate committee. We have a couple of different ones that have been introduced over the years. The most recent one is the Captain Credit Card Interest Rates Act. That was introduced by Senator Hawley of Missouri, which was not on my bingo card that he would be the one to introduce that.
18% ought to be the cap. My bill would cap it across the board. All credit cards, cap fees as well. So the credit card companies can't come in through the back door and charge you more. This is basic fairness for working people in this country. The last time it was introduced, it was introduced by Bernie Sanders.
And AOC, sometimes politicians will introduce these laws even though they know they're going to die in a vote because it's a good political gambit for them, right? So Senator Hawley, when he's out on the campaign trail, people say, like, you're not fighting for the little guy. He'd be like, yeah, I did. You know, I introduced this bill.
Even though there's a tremendous amount of lobbying money from banks, understandably, that is flowing through DC at any given moment. While we do see some of these different pieces of legislation emerge, you go online to look at the status of the bill. It's been introduced the stage that it's in. It's been introduced and it's with the committee. It's unlikely that it's going to see the light of day again.
Is there a policy fix to this? There is. There is a policy fix, you know, whether or not we can bring it to fruition, I think is the challenge. So the most immediate policy fix would be to cap interest rates, you know, and to just allow us to stop the bleeding in terms of consumers falling deeper and deeper
into debt, taking a really good look at what are the limits that we are extending to consumers. We've got another, I'll just say it, we've got another villain in the picture and that villain's name is by now Paylater.
Once you have chosen what you would like to buy, or if you know how much you'd like to spend, select pay with Klana to create a one-time car. The Klarna of it all. Yeah. And so what's tricky about buying out pay later is that those companies have been skirting reporting requirements. And so for many people, we can't even see how much that they have out on buying out pay later.
Bloomberg did a Harris poll last month where they found that a third of respondents said they have over a thousand dollars out on by now pay later. This is for payments over six weeks. It's purposely for payments so that they can skirt under the Truth and Lending Act, which once you get to five payments or more on any form of debt or any kind of loan,
then you have a bunch of additional regulatory requirements that you have to adhere to. So that's why you almost always see it be four payments, usually over a six week period. And so it's sort of a cousin to the credit card, right? So now people already have other credit card debt and you can use your credit card for buying out pay later as well. Is there a way to get off this credit card ride? Like, is there a way you can just opt out and say, I'm not doing this? No, no.
If you have credit card debt, then it's just going back to the bones of personal finance, right? I like to say that when we come down to it, personal finance, it's just eight words, make more money, lower expenses, invest the difference. And so if you're trying to pay down that debt and you want to put some extra money toward that debt,
Then taking a good look at your budget, seeing where you could lower expenses, perhaps bringing some extra money into the picture, that's going to be the most impactful way to make a dent on those balances. Stop using the credit card. Maybe if you're someone who uses the digital wallet a lot, maybe it's time to take those cards out of your wallet just so that you're not
tempted in the moment to shop or to spend things like that. It could also be time to do some of those maybe more unsavory financial activities. You know, you call your cell phone company to see if you can get your bill lowered. You call the credit card company to see if you can get the APR lowered. There's plenty of free scripts and stuff like that online. I know it doesn't sound like much, but 50 or 100 bucks a month of savings, it really adds up to over $1,000 a year when you add it up. And for many people, that can help make the biggest difference.
We need some policy change that is about the cost of living as well, not just about the credit card as the instrument, because I think despite their best intentions, consumers are going to keep using that tool to make ends meet for as long as it's available to them and for as long as prices are at where they're at right now.
That's CNET's Nick Mulney. You can read his latest on credit cards, maxed out, inside America's credit card debt crisis, and what we do next, over at CNET.com. Today's episode was produced by Victoria Chamberlain, edited by Matt Killett, fact checked by Laura Bullard and Amina Alsotti, and engineered by Andrea Christian's daughter and Patrick Boyd. I'm John Glenn Hill, and this is Today Explained.
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