How Saturn Works

Welcome to Stuff You Should Know, a production of iHeartRadio. Hey and welcome to this podcast. I'm Josh and there's Chuck and Jerry's here too. Did I flub that line? Yes. Am I going to retake it? No, I am not. Welcome to the pod broadcast. This is Stuff You Should Know, by the way, the far out edition.

That's right. It's in stuff out there in space. Yeah, and not just stuff in general. We're actually going to zero in on one specific piece of stuff that's out there in space, a little planet called Saturn.

That's right. The ringed beauty, as they like to say in the biz. Yeah, that's what the astrophysicists all call it. Yeah, or Saturn does have rings. It's not the only planet with rings, as we'll see. Or we can see now, I think Jupiter and Uranus and is it Mercury also that has rings, but they're just, they don't hold a candle. The Saturn's rings.

Okay, get the candle away from my anus. Saturn's also a really ancient planet in that as far as human experience goes is for as long as we've been looking up in the night sky, we've seen Saturn because it is the sixth planet from the sun. It's also the furthest planet away that you can see with the naked eye here on planet Earth.

You want to know something funny before we go any further? Yeah, always. Uh, before we recorded Emily was asking, um, as she sometimes does what we're recording. And I told her the two episodes and she asked about Saturn and I was like, I'm not very interesting to me. And she said, so what are you going to, what do you do in those episodes? Just like two commentary and make jokes. I went, well, there's probably not going to be a lot of jokes.

And she said, well, as long as you can make one about Uranus. And I said, I don't think I'll be able to because it's about Saturn and lo and behold, a minute and 20 in. Yeah. Wow. Now you have two more times to bring it back and then you'll have completed the comedy. I think that's a one or as they say, but I'm just excited to report back to Emily that happened unexpectedly and delightedly. Well, way to go, Chuck. I thought you said it was going to be funny, though.

Huh? Hey, you laughed. Was that bitty? Let's just move on. All right. Great. So, yeah, like I said, people have known about Saturn for a very, very long time. And in fact, I think 2,500 years ago, the first people to document it were the Sumerians. And not too long after that, or around that time in India, the world's oldest astronomy book, the Suriya Siddhanta, obviously.

Whoever wrote it was like, I'm going to try to guess the diameter of Saturn. And I don't think they guessed at it like, you know, how many jelly beans are in this jar kind of guess like they used math and geometry and all sorts of great stuff.

Sure. But this is long before they should have. So what makes it impressive is that they were only off by 1,000 miles. So today we believe that the diameter of Saturn is about 74,580 miles. In the Sirius Sedanta, they guessed 73,000 or estimated 73,580. That, my friend, is remarkable. Yeah, regular Lewis and or Clark.

Kind of. Kind of weren't they famous for like almost guessing that the distance. Oh yes. Yeah. Great. Great analogy. Sorry. It was lost on me at first. So the name itself Saturn is named after Saturn-ness, which is the god of agriculture and harvest. So it came from the Romans and.

Saturn goes pretty slowly across the sky, so the day Saturday is named for Saturn, which is the last day of the week. Now we're going to compare Saturn to Earth in a lot of scintillating ways, and we could start with just the massive size, because it makes Earth look like just a pea in a pocket, basically. It makes it look like a nickel if Saturn was a volleyball.

NASA loves that one. If you ever look up Saturdays like size, NASA uses that every chance they get. I wonder if when they got, they got the nickel part and they were like, all right, well, we got to find something laying around here that's as big as this distance. And some guy was like, you know, there was, there was one sporty guy in the corner, like practicing setting of volleyball spike.

He said, what about Jim over there? Is that low hanging fruit, Phil? Who was about to do that? Oh, man, for Phil. But, you know, you're right. Nickel compared to a volleyball is pretty good. But let's talk equator. The equator is close to 10 times larger than Earth at 227 miles around compared to Earth, piddly little 25,000 miles.

Yeah, it's got an extra spare tire compared to Earth, you know? Totally. One of the things about Saturn though, if you aren't like an astronomy type, the kind of planet that Saturn is is a gas giant, which means that it's made largely of gas.

or gases. So to be a gas giant, you don't have to just be a big ball of gas, but you're made of things that typically are considered gases on the periodic table. Let's just get that straight right out of the gate, okay? Right. But if you put the whole thing together, Saturn doesn't have a surface to speak of. If you go far enough in toward the center,

You might eventually hit something you could stand on, but you would be under so much heat and pressure that you wouldn't be thinking about standing on the surface anymore. You'd have other problems. Yeah, it's a very not dense planet. In some say, could even float in water if there was water that large. A pool? Yeah, or I don't know, a pond? Sure. Isn't that what they call lakes up in the Northeast?

You know, I don't know the difference between a pond and a lake. In Maine, there is no difference. I would think a pond is human-made, but there are many human-made lakes too, so I don't know. I'll have to look that up. I always assumed it was size, like pond is smaller, lake is larger. Well, that's what the L, that's how you remember. Lake, L, large, L. And pond, puny. Nice one.

I mean, that seems obvious, but surely there's something else, but maybe not. We'll look into that. Okay. More to come on ponds and lakes. Okay, I'll keep talking while you look at it. I was going to talk, so why don't you look it up. Earth is the third planet out, as modest mouse will tell you. They're about 92 million miles away, or we are rather. Saturn is the sixth planet away from the sun.

And things really pick up after you get away from Earth, about 886 million miles, which is going to mean they're going to be a very cold planet because they get not nearly as much sun. They get about 1.2% of the sunlight that we get, which means the average temperature in the upper atmosphere of Saturn is a very chilly, negative 220 degrees Fahrenheit.

or negative 140 Celsius for our non-American Liberian, or can't remember the third one, friends.

That's right. So there's some other interesting things that happen because it gets such little sunlight. But one of the things that astronomers were surprised by at first was Saturn's atmosphere. That is very cold. But it's not nearly as cold as you would expect for how far away from the sun it is and how little sunlight it gets. And they finally figured out the reason why is it because Saturn generates its own internal heat.

That's why it's not as cold as it should be. That's like me. Yeah, exactly. You could never be cold if you tried, man. I've been cold. And when I get cold, I have a very hard time warming up.

I met in the figurative sense. Like a cold, emotional individual? Yes, yes. Well, thank you. So there's a couple other things about being that far away from the sun. I think it takes 80 minutes for sunlight to get there. That's a long time to stand around and wait for sunlight. We only have to wait like eight minutes here on Earth.

Yeah. So when they flick that switch on, you just got to get a huddle, hunker down. Right. So when it's orbit around the sun, it takes almost 30 Earth years for Saturn to complete a year.

Yeah, because they're rotating very, very quickly on its axis. Second fastest in the solar system, second just behind Jupiter. But if you're talking rotation speed here on Earth, we're going at about 978 miles an hour. Saturn is 23,000 miles an hour. Yeah.

I'll almost know more than 23 times faster than Earth. And that's going to give it a short day, about a 10.7 hour day. Yes. And here on Earth for comparison, a day is more than 20 hours long. That's right.

So I said earlier Chuck that Saturn's a gas giant and the two gases that it's most fond of are hydrogen and helium and overall the I think the composition of its atmosphere is about three quarters hydrogen one quarter helium but in the planet itself it has far less hydrogen than helium.

That's about all you really need to know about those two for now. But the point of the whole thing is that there is an atmosphere. There are different layers. And the atmosphere itself is about 37 miles thick. And it is just generally gas, but it's also super freaky, as we'll see. But if we zoom in a little further, drop down a little further into its center.

And we make it through the 37-mile thick atmosphere. We're suddenly going to find out that the pressure is extraordinarily great in the next layer, which is a layer of liquid hydrogen.

Yeah, and it's liquid hydrogen because of that pressure. It's just such a massive planet that here on Earth, if we want to make liquid hydrogen, you have to cool that gas down to very, very low temperatures, like negative 423 degrees Fahrenheit. But it's just the pressure on Saturn, even though those are high temperatures, that pressure alone can make that gas a liquid, which is incredible.

It really is. And then it gets even crazier because so further in toward the core, toward the center of the planet, that liquid hydrogen turns into a completely different kind of thing that they call liquid metallic hydrogen. It's still again on the periodic table of gas.

Even though it's in liquid form, but it behaves like a metal in that it can conduct electricity. So imagine hydrogen gas conducting electricity. And once you put your head back together because it got blown so wide open from that, you will understand now how heat is generated inside Saturn.

It's from that liquid metallic hydrogen Just acting like it ain't ain't supposed to the reason why is because it's so compressed from the pressure toward the center that Everything even the electrons you remember like electrons are There they are to like a nucleus of an atom what you know I think the outer planets in our solar system is to the Sun they're really far away from it and

This pressure is so great in Saturn's center that their electrons are touching. It's all mushed together and that's why it's behaving weirdly because the electrons can conduct electricity a lot more easily.

And then, if you want to go further down to the core, you talk about hot. We don't know for sure because you can't get in there. They've tried. They've tried. But the current belief right now is that it's basically compressed molten iron into a ball about the size of 55 Earth and a temperature of about 15,000 degrees Fahrenheit. Which is hotter than the surface of the sun.

Hot, hot stuff in there. But if we're going to compare core to core, the core of the sun is 27 million degrees Fahrenheit, not 15,000, you know? Yeah. I saw one other thing about the core of Saturn and then maybe we'll take a break. Apparently, some researchers have concluded that it's actually slushy.

So it's not solid, which makes sense. I mean, you'd think it'd be kind of molten there in some weird state, but that it's also made of, in addition to iron, ice, rock, and gas, and how there could possibly be ice in a core.

That's 15,000 degrees Fahrenheit is totally beyond me. I couldn't see a good explanation of this whatsoever. It's possible that the researchers who've proposed this completely off their rockers. I don't know, but I thought it was worth mentioning because I think that's fantastic. If it is true, and hopefully there's a stuff you should know listener who is out there is like glavin', I'm going to email in and explain to Josh and Chuck how there could possibly be ice there.

That would be great. Yeah. Okay. You want to take that huge for promised break? Yeah, let's do it. And we'll be back on, I don't know, let's talk about like how Saturn was formed to begin with right after this.

All right, so there are a couple of theories about how Saturn was formed. If you're a regular human walking around planet Earth, you might hear both of these and say, sounds like you're kind of talking about basically the same thing. If you're an astrophysicist, you might glaven out, as you mentioned before. That's two glavans and say, oh, no, no, no. It is a very polarizing question in astrophysics and to us.

this different is very large. So yeah, so if you're an astrophysicist out there, this might really excite you. If you're not, I would dare you, I would urge you to try and be delighted in the minutia of the difference of science and how important that can be.

The question about how Saturn or gas giants like Saturn form is more polarizing than the proposal to rename Uranus. Right. If we work together, that's two. That's two. So I'm going to explain the difference because I find this fascinating. There's the main generally accepted model of how planets form, including gas giants like Saturn, is called the core creation model. And that is basically when a star forms, like our Sun,

It forms out of dust and gas and all sorts of crazy stuff. And there's a lot of other debris that starts swirling around it, forming a disk. And that's where planets form from. There's all sorts of collisions and things get bigger and kind of clumped together. And as they get bigger, they attract more stuff. And the closer you are to the star, the more likely you are to attract heavy stuff, like say Iron Nickel, stuff that makes up rocky planets, right?

And everybody's like, core creature model, that's just how planets form. But then there's a group of renegade astrophysicists led by a guy named Alan Boss, who are basically like, no, that leaves a couple of questions out there. One is that there's less rocky debris in the outer reaches of this disk that's swirling around the sun.

You know, how can a gas giant be made out of a rocky core. And then secondly, that the remnants that are out there say like dust and gases like hydrogen and helium, they will float away into outer space and out of the solar system and out of reach.

before a gas giant could form using the core accretion model. So what they've come up with instead is called the disk instability model. And they said, you don't need rocky stuff like iron and nickel to form a gas giant.

It forms from gases from the start. And the core accretion model people said, OK, smart guys, how? How could that possibly happen? And the disk instability model people said that that swirling disk becomes so compressed and so dense from swirling around the sun for so long that when it breaks up, some of that dust and gas has enough density that it can attract other dust and gases and hence form a gas giant.

and the core creation model, people were a dog.

I love that word, by the way. I do, too. It works really well. Well, another remarkable thing about Saturn are the just incredible storms that happen around Saturn. There's a very large temperature difference between the very hot interlators that we were talking about. I can't remember how many degrees Fahrenheit we said, but it was... 15,000. Yeah, 15,000. And then the very icy atmosphere out there is very, very cold. I see, obviously.

And so near the equator, you're going to have winds that are going about a thousand miles an hour.

You've got a very erratic atmosphere. So it's not like it's just constantly stormy. There may be years that go between storms, but then they might go through a storm that lasts like literal years and years and years. They photograph one with the Cassini probe in 2010. And this storm was so big, and this is, you know, on a big planet that it went all the way around and met itself like a single storm system. Like or a burros.

Yeah, that is just, I mean, we've seen some crazy storms here in recent years where like, you know, from middle Mexico all the way up through like the Northeast of the United States and I'll, and I'll look at a Doppler and be like, that's incredible to see a storm that large. So imagine when going all around.

the entire planet of earth. And then imagine earth size and relation to Saturn. And that'll kind of tell you how big of a storm we're talking about. Yeah, it's absolutely nuts. And the reason why that it's got such a crazy atmosphere is because of that temperature difference, the temperature gradient. So remember we were talking about how tornadoes form on earth and the tornado alley short stuff that you have to have a temperature gradient.

Apparently, the same thing happens on Saturn as well. But there's also Chuck, a really weird weather system that does not come and go. It's essentially a feature, it seems like, because it was first photographed in 1981 when the Voyager 2 probe did a flyby of Saturn. And when the Cassini mission arrived, I think in like 2000,

nine or 10 or something like that. It saw the exact same thing was essentially there. So what they figured out is it's not a storm. It's a really, really fast jet stream. But the thing about it, I'm sure people out there who are familiar with jet streams are like so big whoop. We'll get this. This jet stream forms a hexagon around the top of the planet. It's one of the weirdest things I've ever seen.

Yeah, it's like you said, they photographed it in 1981. And then I think the Cassini Huygens mission ended in 2017. And it was still there and still basically look the same. And I can only reckon that it's still like that today. Yeah, I think that's a good reckon.

We're talking 500 mile an hour winds at the center of this vortex. And they think that weird shape is due to the really fast rotation, which makes a bulge at the equator and flattens things out at the pole. So it's just created this really strange kind of jet stream, this strange shape. Yeah. So I think Chuck, we can't really put it off any longer. I believe that it's time to talk about Saturn's rings. Cause I mean, imagine if we didn't in this episode.

Yeah, I mean, you mentioned, you know, it's not the only one with rings. I know you mentioned my anus. Sorry. That's three. I know. That's the lowest of lowing fruit though. Phil would be like, that's fine.

Yeah, Bill would love it. But Neptune and Jupiter, I'm not sure if you mentioned those. Those are some other ringed planets, but Saturn's are like, those are the showstoppers. They're incredible if you've ever, you know, do yourself a favor. If you've never looked at like real pictures, like telescopic pictures of Saturn, like do so because it's incredible looking at these pictures. I have an anecdote about that. Let's hear it. So remember we did an Australian tour a few years back?

It was great. Yeah, it was. On one of the days off, you mean I went to the Sydney Observatory one night? Oh, cool. And they just happened to have one of their telescopes trained on Saturn. And you could lean over and look through the eyepiece. And we did. And both of us just started laughing because it looked so fake.

Like a little white cut out of Saturn just felt as could be. It just looked like they were like, we can't find Saturn. So we're going to have to put this slide in. Exactly. But the volunteer was looking at us like, what are you? What's so funny about Saturn? Basically, we just moved along. But that was art. That's my Saturn anecdote. And you said it looked fake and he's like, that's real, man. No, we didn't. We didn't bother to say anything. It was mine and Yumi's little joke.

That was the worst Aussie accent I've ever done. And I've done some pretty good ones over the years. I don't know what happened. It sounded like Billy Ray Cyrus trying to do an awesome show. It came out so wrong. It was very strange. It sounded better in my head right before I said it. So yeah, aside from the telescope slide fake, it's just incredible looking. And the sort of knockout fact is we're still not exactly sure where these rings came from.

And we've known about the rings, so remember people have known about Saturn since we started looking up at the sky, but you can't see the rings. But right when people started inventing telescopes, they noticed that Saturn had something weird going on. In 1610 Galileo, the astronomer made famous by the Indigo girls.

He spotted Saturn's rings in his telescope, but it wasn't of high enough quality for him to be like, those are rings. He thought they were like bulges on the side, like, like handles on a pot or something like that. He wasn't quite sure what the heck it was. He actually, I think thought it was like a three body system, like two huge moons in a planet.

And it wasn't, but I mean, 50 years later, I guess, even less, that Christian Huguens said, I've got a much better telescope now. And those are rings. I bet my bottom dollar on it. That was his famous quote. You know what Galileo's crime was? Loving too much? Looking up the truth. Is that what the lyric is? Yeah, that's a great song.

I'm sure it is. You know, I went to the same orthodontist as Emily from Indigo Girls. Oh, that's great. That's my claim to fame. I can't even come up with a joke, but yes, that's great. Shout out to Dr. Blake. Hope he's still around.

He may not be. This was in the 80s and he was okay and is probably. I mean, he looked 70, but that means he was probably 50 right in the 80s. Sure. Yeah. And just for my teenage case, you know, I was going to say that's that was mean. Like this is like a recent person. No, he could still be around. He could be in his 90s probably, but I hope he is. I hope he's still putting braces on kids. Yeah.

They don't want them, but he's doing it anyway. He's putting like 1980s braces on kids. They've come a long way and he's like, no, these metal bands go around your teeth. The lip slashers.

Oh God. All right, so back to the rings. They are 95% ice. It's rock and ice, but 95% of it is ice. And these are particles, but when you say particles, it could be a particle, like a sandy grain, but it could also be like a large boulder, like they vary widely in size. And here's the thing about those rings too. They are very, very wide.

But comparatively, they are very, very thin. I think the farthest ring, which is 175,000 miles from the upper atmosphere of Saturn is 7,000 times the diameter of the planet, but only about 30 to 60 feet wide or thick, I guess. Isn't that nuts? Yeah. I mean, that's crazy. Like, how does that thing even exist?

is my question. Well, we're about to tell you. So if you look at Saturn, especially through a Sydney-based telescope, you're going to see that it looks like it's basically kind of cocked its rings to the side like a hat, a jaunty cap, as I put it.

Yeah, I do that sometimes with certain caps. Exactly. Who doesn't? Everybody's familiar with that. Yeah. The thing is, Saturn's not doing that. Actually, if you straighten Saturn out, its rings would be roughly parallel to its equator. It turns out that Saturn itself

is jauntily cocked to the side, too, to the tune of 27 degrees. And Earth's axial tilt, I think, is what it's called. So the tilt relative to the plane of orbit around the sun, flat plane, tilted planet. Let's just leave it at that. Earth is 23 degrees. So 27 isn't that much more. But Saturn's brings like really point out how angled the whole thing is.

Yeah, yeah. If we had a little jaunty cap, then Earth would look good. Jaunty as well, I guess. Yeah, but the other thing about it, too, is with an axial tilt that pronounced like Earth's and like Saturn's, that's how you have seasons. Some parts are closer to the sun at different times of the year. Same thing on Saturn, but since Saturn's years are almost 30 Earth years long, that would mean that the seasons are like seven years long on Saturn.

Yeah. Seven year spring. Who wouldn't want that? That's a good band name right there. It is. It really is Chuck.

uh... these rings are are separated obviously when you look at him you can tell their gaps in between and summer brighter than others summer more dense than others and because of that they you know when they notice the rings they didn't know about all of them they were discovered uh... individually over time and named a b c d e f and g and order of when they were found but that's not the actual order of where they are if you just started at saturday and work your way out right in that case it would be d c b a f

G and then E. The best mnemonic device I could come up to remember that is don't choose brunch and forgo grits and eggs. That's pretty good. Yeah, I thought so too. I thought just a nonsense joke was coming my way, but no. That's a real way you could do it. Yeah. Nice, nice work. Phil approves. Good. Thanks, Phil.

So if you ever noticed Saturn's rings also, there's like dark stripes in between them. That's actually voids in between the rings, right? That Saturn's got tons of rings. Some are bigger than others. And when you kind of look at them from afar, it just looks like they have. What is that?

seven, seven rings. But there's actually way more. These are just the rings that we can see and identify. And they're differentiated by these gaps. And there's a huge gap, I think, between the B ring and the A ring. So it's about in the middle of Saturn's rings. It's called the Cassini division. And it's about 3000 miles across.

Yeah, it's a big gap. Yeah, it is a big gap. And it kind of put this in perspective, especially for our American friends. If you took Seattle and you took Boston and you erased the country in between them and replaced it with the void of space, the people in Seattle and Boston could look out from one another across what was roughly the size of the Cassini division. I like that analogy. I don't know what's so funny about it.

Daddy, how far is 3000 miles? Okay, but it was replacing it with the void of space that I think really drove at home, if you ask me. Yeah. Do you know how long I went into a distance calculator to figure out two cities that most people know are roughly 3000 miles apart? Did you come up with that? Yeah.

So the Cassini division, the cause of that whole thing is the interaction, gravitationally speaking, with the moon, and we'll talk about the various moons coming up, but the moon, I guess, is it Mimas? It's not Mimas, is it? I've been saying Mimas. Yeah, I've been saying Mimas in my head. Although Mimas makes sense too.

Yeah, but I like me. OK, because it's not Teton. It's Titan, depending on where you live, though, I guess so. But the particles in that B ring orbit about two times for each of me.

trip around Saturn, and each time they're going to pass, Mimas has the chance to inflict a little gravitational influence on those particles, and that just accumulates basically, and it creates a very steady gravitational force on those particles. It's just going to hold them right there in place, and they're not going to drift into the gap. They're going to stay nice and tidy.

Yeah, that's pretty cool. That's how the Cassini division is created by that gravitational pull. And Mimus also is nicknamed the Death Star because if you look at a picture of Mimus, it looks an awful lot like the Death Star. Yeah. And the Death Star, that's a, it's like a space fortress in the Star Wars movies. That's no planet. That's right. But no, it's a moon.

Oh, that's no moon. Was that what it was? No, I'm saying he was right. It isn't a planet. It's a moon. I can't remember the line, though. Was it that's no planet? I think that's what it was. I'm pretty sure when that Han Solo is saying that. Yeah, I think so. But, you know, it's no big deal if you get Star Wars stuff wrong right now. Everybody's very easy going about that stuff. Should we break or should we not? Let's talk about how the rings formed and then we'll come back and talk. No, let's take a break.

You want to take a break? Yeah. Okay. Uh, and then we'll talk about how those rings form right after this.

So Chuck, you said a little early on, I think that the people who study this kind of stuff are not 100% sure how Saturn's rings formed, right? There's a lot of different competing theories. There's a whole camp that's like, there is old as the planet. So there are multi-billion-year-old rings. And other people are like, that's just stupid. And specifically, there's a researcher from NASA who in 1986 wrote a paper, his name is Jack Connerney.

I don't think he actually said your idea is stupid to other people. But what he did do is he calculated the rate of what came to be called ring rain. And that is those particles falling into Saturn. And when they do that, that ring becomes slightly depleted. And it happens more and more and more. And on the scale of tens or hundreds of millions of years,

Saturn is eventually steadily losing its rings. And apparently, the particles fall into Saturn when they become charged. And I guess they're more attracted by Saturn's gravitational pull. And they travel down the magnetosphere, just like particles bombard Earth's magnetosphere and produce the auroras. Same thing happens to Saturn, but it's paying the price. It's at the expense of losing its rings.

Does it become part of Saturn itself? Does it suck that up into Saturn? Yes, I believe so. And I think it melts as it gets further and further toward the center. So Saturn isn't necessarily becoming larger as the rings deplete. No, Leon's becoming larger.

So, all right, that means a lot of stuff. That means that we are living on Earth at a time where we just happen to live, and it's a long period of time, but if you zoom out on a macro level, cosmically speaking, it's not that long.

But we happen to be living in a time where we're probably at peak ring, don't you think? Yeah, because guys like Jack Conner and he calculated that based on the rate of ring rain, the rings probably aren't more than 100 million years old, right? So 100 million years before this, Saturn wouldn't have had rings.

And they also calculated 100 to 300 million years hence. Saturn is not going to have rings either. The way that they came up with that 100 million year old estimate is because any older than that, there should be far less rings based on the rate of ring ring. And if it were younger, there should be more rings than that. So that group is pretty self-satisfied right now.

Yeah, I bet they are. We also talked about, well, we still haven't really talked about where the actual stuff that makes up those rings come from. And again, there are competing theories, one of which is that there used to be, and again, we'll get to the moons. Saturn has lots of moons, but one theory is that there used to have even a lot more moons than they have now.

And one of those moons that may have existed, actually named Chrysalis, was in a little bit of a push and pull with Titan, the largest moon, a gravitational battle. Or Titan.

or Titian, yeah, it fell out of orbit because of that battle, I guess, Titan wins. And Chrysalis veered too close to Saturn was basically just busted apart by the gravity of this enormous gas giant. And then that debris field is what formed that ring. And then over time, over millions and millions of years, Chrysalis continued to sort of crash into itself and created like the smaller rings around itself or above and below.

And also some of the bigger ones because, you know, like you said, some of the, some of the particles in the rings are like grain of sand size, but other like boulder size. And those boulder ones are just ones that haven't crashed into the proper other boulders yet to create those sand grains. They just, it's just a matter of time eventually. Yeah. What's what's the other theory? There's another theory, which by the way, Saturn apparently is like a thunder dome for astrophysicists. There's so many different theories about so many different things. Yeah.

But the other theory is that a bunch of Saturn's moons collided together. It wasn't just one getting pulled towards Saturn. They all just kind of got all tripped up and boom, boom, boom, boom, boom. And all of a sudden you've got this debris field that got smaller and smaller, more particulate over time, just like the Chrysalis theory too. So they don't fight over this one probably as much? Not as much.

But they do dress like Master Blaster when they talk about it. They just don't actually fight. Some of these rings are formed by these moons. There's one called one of the moons. Insolatus? I'm going with Enceladus. Insolatus? Insolatus sounds way too much like salad. Yeah.

It's a lot of, yeah. This thing is erupting saltwater kind of constantly into the atmosphere, and that turns into ice crystals. And those ice crystals, as we see, can very easily form into rings. And that is, in fact, where we get our e-ring around Saturn, if you're looking at the letters.

So I guess the APCDE, the fifth one, discovered. Well, no, remember they are out of... Oh, yeah, the fifth one discovered. You're right. Sorry. Nice save. So there's also another ring that they discovered is recently is 2009. Like, because our telescopes just keep getting better and better from Galileo's in 1610 to the Spitzer Space Telescope. Surprisingly hard to say.

Yeah, they found a new ring that basically follows the orbit of Saturn's furthest moon out Phoebe buffet. Yeah. That's right. I was going to say Bridgers, but sure. Yeah, that one uses a little more art house even mine.

Who I love that boy genius record so good. I believe Phoebe's is a very Faint ring. Is that right? Yeah. Yeah. Yeah, it's very that's why it took so long for us to find it. Yeah, I think we knew Phoebe existed the moon. It could be Foebe. They might be pronouncing it like that. But we didn't know the ring was there until 2009.

Yeah, but the reason we're mentioning all this is the fact that those rings are they're dynamic. They're changing, they're reshaping, and like we said, and maybe as little as 100 million years, they may not even be there.

Yeah, I just think that's really fascinating. You know, you can thank the good Lord that we're alive at a time when Saturn has rings and we have telescopes. That's right. So we also talked a lot about the moons just now and it turns out that Saturn's moons are really fascinating in and of themselves.

It has a bunch of moons as many as 146 that we know about right now. Just last year, well, two years ago, when this comes out in 2023, the International Astronomical Union, they added 62 more moons. And I don't know if they were saving up and just want to do a batch edition of moons. Yeah. If they found a bunch in quick succession, I'm not sure. But they're like, there are definitely more moons there.

Yeah, more moons coming. I mean, because yeah, just a couple of years ago, there were under 100. Now there's 146, so big changes. So keep collecting those moons, everybody, and hit us in a few years with a number that's going to knock our socks off. Collect all 146.

That's right. So the other thing about the moons too is that they orbit outside of the rings, which makes sense because the moons that were inside of the rings were what make up the rings probably. Yeah. So these moons haven't smashed into anything else. And they're just orbiting around. And like you said, Mimes, that one exerts a gravitational influence that creates the Cassini division

which means that it's really close to those rings. It's actually the nearest moon to Saturn's atmosphere, but it's only about half the distance of the moon we have here on Earth. It's about 237,000 miles as every shining fan knows. That's right, but this thing hauls. It has an orbital speed of about 32,000 miles an hour.

It's so fast that it completes in orbit in less than an Earth Day, about 22 hours. And if you consider our moon here on Earth, what does it take about a month to complete its orbit? That's really cooking. In fact, the month is based on the moon taking a month. They're inextricable, basically. So is there a month? 22 hours? I guess so. Yeah. Because what was their day? What did you say their day was?

Uh, 10-ish, I think? 10.6? Yeah, that's right.

So there's a bunch of different moons, different sizes, but Saturn has some really, really big ones, Titan, which we've already talked about is enormous. What a moon. It is a great moon. Its size is large enough that it can actually hold an atmosphere in place. It's one of the very few moons that we know about that has an actual atmosphere to speak of. And boy, are we going to speak about it.

Yeah, Titan is quite striking. It has mountains made of ice. It has seas made of ethane and liquid methane. So it's just an incredible moon. It has an atmosphere, much like ours, it's composed of nitrogen, but it has an air pressure.

that just knocks ours out of the park. It's, I think, 150% stronger at sea level, which is going to be like, you'd think you were on LSD or something if you plopped yourself on Titan and you would look around and you were being like, wait, there's odd things happening. Like it's raining really slowly. And someone would say, well, what does that even mean? It's like, well, look at the literal rain. It's coming down at about three and a half miles an hour on Earth. It rains down at about 20 miles an hour.

And it just, it's, it sounds funny and it looks funny. And one of the, one of the friends there was like, rain's a weird word. Have you ever thought about that word rain? But why does it sound funny? Because the, the atmosphere is so thick that vibration sound can travel much more efficiently through it. So if you shouted like, hello, you would burst the eardrums of your friend on LSD.

Yeah. If you said, look how slow the rain is. They just flat their hands over their ears and like double over and paint. But it's not a hospitable place. Like nothing could could live on the surface of Titan. I think it has a negative 240. I'm sorry, 290 degree Fahrenheit average temperature. And like we said, the liquids there are methane and ethane. So that's, you know, what you can't do anything with those two.

No, but there is a liquid ocean about 50 miles below the surface, that methane and ethane and ice surface. And this ocean is actually made of salt water.

Yeah, good fishing for what I hear. For sure. But that's the point. They're like, wait a minute, there's salt water there. It's heated by the core of Titan. There's also hydrocarbons on the planet's surface. Like if you put this stuff together and just the right arrangement, you might have some sort of bizarre form of life.

Like, these are organic materials that you could conceivably create life from. So who knows what's swimming around or floating around in that ocean underneath Titan's surface? Yeah. That's why people are so jazzed about Titan. Yeah, totally. And it's Titan. I mean, come on. Yeah. You know, there's also, what'd you say? Insalidus. Insalidus. That's right. What'd you call it?

Uh, I said insulatus. You said something else that sounded like salad. Are you pretty solidus? Uh, I think I said insulatus. Well, we'll, we'll let the listeners decide. Have you ever thought about that word insulatus?

What's the deal with that one? That's, I know it's about the size of Arizona and also has a saltwater ocean under the crust, that is. So so far, Titan's two for two that we've talked about. We've talked about two moons and both of them happen to have saltwater oceans. Yeah, underneath.

Yeah, that's a big one too. So like it's underneath its icy crust, which means that it's protected and heated. And heated so much, in fact, that I think we said and sell it as I don't know how to say it bursts ice from its ocean out into the atmosphere, creating the E-ring.

which is pretty cool in and of itself, but that also means that there's geysers, and where there's geysers, there's probably hydrothermal vents on the ocean floor, the floor of the saltwater ocean, and that means that life could conceivably start up there, because that's a really popular theory these days about how life started on Earth around hydrothermal vents in the ocean.

So who knows, and then the Cassini probe wrote back, wrote home from camp not too long ago and was like, hey, I sampled some of this water and it's got some mind blowing stuff in there. Yeah, for sure. And you know, we mentioned earlier, the Cassini spacecraft finished up in 2017.

It was called the grand finale when it wrapped up its mission because it on purpose says like, hey, let's just get really close and just kamikaze this thing and just see what kind of readings we can get up to the last second there. So that's how it ended its mission. But there's a new one, Dragonfly, that's coming up, I believe, launching in 2028.

And we'll arrive on Titan by 2034. So I mean, hang on to your hat. So it'll be a decade, but then from now, but then we're going to start get some, I mean, imagine the changes that are going to happen between now and then. Yeah, for sure. And there's actually a really cool animation, artist interpretation of that grand finale of the Cassini probets worth watching on YouTube. Oh, cool. You got anything else? I got nothing else.

I got one more thing. It turns out in the Northern Hemisphere, September 2025 will be the best time to view Saturn because it'll be on the opposite side of the Sun from Earth, so it'll be nice and bright and easy to see. Oh, cool. Well, we'll either think to remind you and we'll probably forget, but I imagine that'll be a newsmaker like people on the news will be saying, like, hey, go out and look for Saturn. For sure. You might be able to see it with your eyeballs.

Okay, well Chuck mentioned eyeballs, so we have no choice but to unlock listener mail. Hey guys, this is from Rockney. I'm the mother of one. This is another, but I bet they met mother. Probably. I'm the mother of one eager longtime listeners. I don't remember exactly when I started listening, but it was back in high school.

I graduate. Wait a minute. Wait, wait, wait. So Rockney is the mother of one of our listeners. I bet you anything they meant to say, I'm another one of your longtime listeners now that I'm reading it and doing the math. Okay. Okay.

Here we go. Hey guys, my name is Rockney. I'm another one of your longtime listeners. My girlfriend, Anna, has never listened to a single episode of your podcast. English is her second language. So she's probably on it. And English spoken word entertainment doesn't quite feel relaxing for her yet. So don't hold it against her. But over the past few weeks, I've been on a mission. I've been humming, whistling and vocalizing these stuff. You should know theme song nonstop around her trying to make it familiar in this past weekend.

My experiment finally succeeded. I called her humming it on her own completely unprompted. I Came clean told her I'd been training her ears explaining. It's a theme song of my podcast She's familiar with stuff. You should know through my constant mentions and she just calls it my podcast. We put that a great laugh about it Recently I heard a listener mail from a mom who casually used Clark as a verb

So I figured I'd share my similar success story. So thanks for over 1.2 decades of entertainment, and that is from Rockney. Thanks a lot, Rockney. We appreciate that. Thanks for trying to spread the good word by creating your worms. That's right. If you want to be like Rockney and let us know your situation, we'd love to hear that kind of stuff. You can wrap it up, spank it on the bottom, and send it off to StuffPodcast at iHeartRadio.com.

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