E125: How To Finally Stop Procrastinating: Oliver Burkeman

Are you doing a few things every day that your ancestors would have done what 250,000 years ago? Oliver Berkman, he's a journalist, a writer, and one of the greatest thinkers I've had the pleasure of sitting with here on this podcast. People talk a lot about the importance of learning to say no, right? There's a subtext there, they think what that means is if you just learn to say no to all the stuff you don't want to do, you can spend your time doing stuff you do want to do. Way harder than that, you have to say no to things that you do want to do.

We are wired for racing through things. All of us who are sort of moving at this speed need to experiment a little bit with like what it feels like to just slow down to the speed that things take. Any action that actually brings things into the world involves a confrontation with your limitations. Getting through that discomfort to what lies on the other side is so empowering. Without further ado, I'm Stephen Bartlett, and this is the Diary of a CEO. I hope nobody's listening. But if you are, then please keep this to yourself.

As a journalist, I was quite surprised to read some of the articles you'd written and that the subject matter wasn't necessarily like always about the news or what's going on or it wasn't gossipy. It was quite, I don't know, existential and deep and about regret and life and happiness and these kinds of things. Why did the desire to talk about and to write and research those topics come from a new?

That's a good question. I mean, I think early, early when I was a journalist, I was doing whatever I needed to do. And a lot of that was kind of news more newsy. But I've always wanted to try to bring into that kind of daily context these big, serious ideas. And I think it's just because

I'm fascinated by them and i think i'm fascinated by them because i on some level struggle with them right i mean i don't think anyone if they're honest rights about happiness who is just completely happy all the time because then that topic is boring to that person i think i'm probably.

pretty anxious person going back less so now having spent years kind of. Therapizing myself in public and in the in columns and books but that sense that you sort of need to find some secret to address.

your own issues, and also when it comes to productivity and time management and all those topics, it's like maybe if I could find the system that would put me in total control of my time, then maybe I wouldn't need to feel worried about the future and things like that. We're all just sort of revealing our deepest issues in the things we choose to focus on and write about.

You alluded to it a little bit there, but you said, you know, one of the books you wrote was called The Antidote Happiness for People Who Can't Stand Positive Thinking. Interesting title. What was the inspiration? I mean, you said struggling with unhappiness was a bit of... I mean, when the time I wrote that, I was sort of... I'd given all these things a lot of thought. I'd written this column for The Guardian for quite a few years, and I sort of noticed this pattern emerging.

in the approaches and the philosophies that really seemed to do something for me and to sort of lift my spirits, help me navigate the world a bit more calmly and effectively. And they were not what I call in that book, Positive Thinking, right? They were not fill your mind with upbeat thoughts and set incredibly ambitious goals and try to push yourself relentlessly towards achieving them. It was actually

Much more to do with being open to negative stuff and being willing to feel anxiety and security and certainty and potential for failure and all those things, actually a much more resilient way to be in the world, I think.

Plus, it's the contribution that I can make to the world of self-help and things like that is to bring my pessimistic, slightly sardonic, I don't know, British Northern. I don't know where this comes from culturally, really, but of a field like the self-help industry.

Just so much this is rubbish and at the same time, the topic that this is ultimately about is really important and you can't just dismiss it completely. What would you say are some of the big sort of central misconceptions about how to become happy or

What is it that fundamentally makes us unhappy? I sat here with Mo Gouda, who wrote a book about happiness, the happiness equation. And he talks a lot about expectation management when your expectations are too high. And if your expectations go and met them, we're unhappy. And a lot of your writings you talk about being a bit more aware that any lack of productivity or hardship or struggle isn't a sign of inadequacy as humans. It's very much the nature of a full life, I guess.

I mean, yeah, in terms of misconceptions, I think that the sort of fundamental one that I was writing about in that earlier book is the idea that happiness is best achieved by aiming for happiness, you know, that setting out in your life to get happy is there's something amiss with this notion, right? Happiness is the kind of thing that seems to arise as a byproduct of certain kinds of meaningful activity. But if you make it the

the sort of goal of your life. You can sort of bear down on it too much and then it sort of goes away. The book on some level is about turning your attention away from happiness and finding happiness that way through sort of the pursuit of

reality, right, through engaging in meaningful activities, and we can talk about what meaningful means, I suppose, but not sort of what will make me feel better or best as the sort of navigation aid that you use in life, and then happiness coming as a sort of a secondary effect of that. I think, you know,

the sort of crassist kind of positive thinking fails just because human mind does not work like that. If you decide that you're always going to fill your mind with positive upbeat, optimistic thoughts, then every negative thought that creeps in is like a new failure and something to feel stressed about and something to try to stamp out. And that's just sort of not true to the situation of like who we are, which is a big mixture of all sorts of feelings.

So if we're not aiming for happiness then, and we're aiming for kind of the meaningful activities in the process, what are those, what have you come to learn are the meaningful activities that end up creating the byproduct of happiness? I mean, it's the question that I don't think I'd like come to the final answer in any of this, but I think meaning, it's a really fascinating idea because I think people know

in a sort of intuitive way, whether what they're doing is meaningful. There's a question that I write about that comes from a psychotherapist called James Hollis, whose work has been really had a really big impact on me, which is to ask of a choice or of a life path that you might be on, whether it's enlarging you or diminishing you.

And I don't think this language works for everybody, but for me, it's like, oh, okay. You can tell that there are times when life is not enjoyable, but it's about growth, what you're doing. It's like it's good that you're doing it and it's meaningful that you're doing it. And then there are times when life might be perfectly fun. But if you really stop and think about it, it's like it's missing the point somehow.

I think one, the sort of an acute example of this that most people will have experience of is if like a friend or a relation of yours is going through a crisis and you're helping them out in some way, you're there to just as some company or I recall one example when some friends of mine were going through a really awful thing and I was like literally like doing the dry cleaning for them, right? It was just like they just needed help in this kind of way and you have that feeling of like,

I'm in the right place here. There isn't something else I ought to be doing now. It doesn't mean it's fun, because the whole situation is awful. It doesn't mean it's in great activity, because doing so-one's dry cleaning is not necessarily a great activity. But you know that you're in the right place. And I think that we can hope to have that feeling about quite a lot of the work and other things that we do in non-crisis moments. So that's how I think about that. This is a good use of this day of your very limited time on the planet.

One of the things that I view that seems to be pretty correct when I'm trying to figure out what is meaningful and gives me that feeling of fulfillment that I'm in the right places you describe it, is when I look back at the human struggle over thousands of years and really what made us survive, it tends to be the case that I feel best when I'm doing the things that are kind of in line with how my ancestors lived.

Right, so I mean, on one hand, you could say eating certain things and drinking and sleeping, but then as we kind of described it there, which is like banding together and collaborating. Ultimately, that's central to why we're here. And so it's conceivable that our ancestors might have left that message in my genetic code to say, Stephen, not only are you going to struggle forward, but you're going to do it together. And so when you helped your friend with their dry cleaning, that was a really human, historically like human act of banding together in support.

But I feel like we've lost track of those fundamental human things, if that makes sense. And whenever we do them now, which is helping each other, eating stuff that's grown from the ground, the overstimulation of digital items and screens in our lives, loneliness, these are all callings to get back to our tribe. And in fact, I'm coming to learn, despite what the happiness industry sells you,

It actually might be really, really fundamentally simple in a way, which is trying to be more human. Yeah, I've heard, yeah, that's such a good point. I've heard somebody express this as like, you should ask, are you doing a few things every day that your ancestors would have done what 250,000 years ago? Exercise. Right. Being together in our tribes. Right. Being outdoors. Outdoors with the studies and being outdoors. Right. Really startling.

And I think the problem is so many of us now. I mean, writers are the ultimate example, but so many of us. You, for sure. What we're mainly doing with our days is manipulating symbols in one way or another, right? Images, words, ideas, all day long.

And a lot of these things are so new, like writing is incredibly modern invention on the evolutionary timescale, let alone podcasting. And this is a sort of very low-grade productivity idea that I've written about. And I think it's really important is to try to think about anything you're doing in terms of physical actions and physical next actions. And so one thing I do when I'm writing, for example, is I sort of set goals that are to do with creating

Physical documents, right? I'm going to do this. I'm going to write this. I'm going to print it out and it's going to have something on my desk, the hole in my hands that I did today. It's very easy to get lost in that, in that world that doesn't have like hard edges, that doesn't have a physicality in it. And it's very alluring because it feels kind of, you feel sort of God-like in that world. If you spend all day sort of with your head mainly occupying cyberspace or the metaverse, but, but yeah, you miss out on that essentially human stuff that you're talking about.

And in your new book, you talk a lot about kind of stripping back a lot of this bullshit that has consumed our lives and the complexity and these narratives which have been kind of sold by the happiness and efficiency and procrastination industry, let's call it, your new book, 4000 weeks, time and how to use it, which I found incredibly important. I think that's the best way to describe it. So I really want to go through a couple of the points in the book that I

I found compelling and that I wanted to ask you questions on. The first is chapter one, which is the limit embracing life. And you talk about this concept of embracing our limits. What did you mean by that? Seems to me, and it's certainly my experience, but I think it is more universal than just like my issues, seems to me that a lot of what we do, the way we behave in the world and the way we try to manage our time, especially,

It's all really based around trying to avoid confronting something about our situation. It's a kind of an emotional avoidance. It's to avoid feeling what it is like to be who we are, which is finite human beings, right? 4,000 weeks, the title refers to the approximate length of average lifespan in the West. Which is terrifying, by the way. It is terrifying, yeah. I thought I was having that.

The risky decision I realize in hindsight, to give the book this title, because it might just cause people to run away from the bookshop and not buy the book. Anyway, so we're very finite in our amount of time. We're obviously finite on the daily level of the amount of time we have, but also finite in how much control we can exert over it. Nobody.

knows what's happening in the very next moment. You can take actions to increase the likelihood that what you want is going to happen, but we're all totally sort of vulnerable to events and to every moment. It's increasingly impossible to have sort of complete knowledge about anything that you're doing or any sphere in which you're acting. And then relationships just inherently involve romantic relationships, but all relationships, it just inherently involve this kind of

vulnerability to other people and things they might do to hurt you or think bad things that might happen to them that would cause you to suffer. And so we're in this kind of very, very limited situation. And I guess the main argument to my book is that if we followed through the ramifications of that, we would use our time in a somewhat different way. And actually, I think a more relaxing way. I don't think it's a kind of recipe for stress, although the title is probably a recipe for stress.

In productivity, for example, the quest to try to do everything, to become like, limitlessly optimized so that you can handle all your incoming email, you can pursue all your ambitions and business ventures, you can meet all the obligations you feel from your family and friends or from society, you can do it all. That's trying to become unlimited, right? That's trying to become limitless. And there are lots of other examples of this where I think what we're really doing is just trying to avoid feeling our finitude.

And some people want to say, well, isn't it great to believe that we're limitless? Because then you can do astonishing things. And I want to say, no, I think the kind of limitation I'm talking about confronting it and feeling it and living into it is actually the precondition of doing the most extraordinary things with a life. Because you get to give up on this impossible quest to fit yourself to every expectation that the world might have.

one in which you can only fail. Right. And just focus on doing that. Right. Yeah. And the sort of great inventors and the great entrepreneurs of today and the great sort of historical figures like all these people, they didn't, they did things that people thought were previously thought were impossible. Yeah. But they didn't.

They very, very deliberately understood that using their time the way they wanted to use it meant sacrifices. It meant neglecting things that would be completely good things to do, right? I'm sure you know what I'm talking about here, right? I mean, it's like there are 25 things you could do. It's not that only one of them is any good, like 24 of them are good, but even so, most of them are going to have to be able to withstand the anxiety of just neglecting most of them.

in order to focus on. And fundamentally, you believe, which I also completely agree with, which is, in fact, why I have this sand time here, which I just picked off my desk before we started recording, you believe that people do go through life, not almost, I don't, for me, it's like not realizing slash not believing that they will die. It's almost like humans aren't able to understand the concept of infinity, and they're also not able to understand the concept of finality.

Right. The fact that we will, I will come to an end. So we don't live in such a way. We don't live with such a belief. And if you look at a lot of the decisions I make, you would assert that I'm living like I think I'm going to live forever. Right. Because my misprioritization of things that actually clearly matter more. And this kind of constant deference of happiness to the future. I will be happy when. Right. And then we live in, you know, because one of the things I say, and I say this in my live show is,

I say to the audience that if you think about it, probably about 90% of this audience are currently living in a way in which a previous self of them told themselves, if they got here, they would be happy. But their current self is saying, not now, we'll be happy when. So they're deferring it going on to the future. So people don't live like they know they're going to die, essentially.

Right. And I think, you know, something it's important to say about that is like, I think that, that, that mindset, I've, I've seen it called and I refer to it in the book as like, when I finally mindset, right? It's like, when something happens, then the moment of truth is going to come and after that life is going to be fulfilling and easy, but not yet. I mean, it's obviously, as you say, it's totally like drains the meaning out of life in the present. But it serves, again, it serves this purpose of avoidance, right? Because if you're always

storing up fulfillment for the future. You don't have to acknowledge the fact that this is it. Life isn't a dress rehearsal. You've got to do things now if you're ever going to do them. There's a great quote from John Maynard Keynes, the economist that I use in there about how people who live in this mindset and

He's talking about pretty much everyone really. They're trying to secure for their actions. I won't get this exactly right. They're trying to secure for their actions of spurious and delusive immortality by always pushing them into the future, right? So the man who thinks like this, Keynes writes doesn't love his cat, but only his cat's kittens and not really their kittens, but the kittens kittens and so on forever, right? And so the downside

is that you never get to enjoy and value and find fulfillment in life now. But the upside is it sort of helps you feel like you might be going to live forever. It's kind of useful to be putting things off because it helps this act of denial that we're all engaged in. It also means that we continue as humans to struggle forward. We continue to take on struggle, whether it's challenge or ambition. We continue to be ambitious. And then I go, well, maybe that's also what allowed our ancestors to give birth to us because if our ancestors weren't

trying to build a better tomorrow and deferring gratitude to the empire that they were trying to build, then maybe we wouldn't be here. Is it a human thing to also defer our happiness to the future? I think it must be and really is, and I think we are goal-seeking.

Organisms, I think it's hugely compounded by the culture in which we live in the economic system in which we live, and I think it's sort of gone into warp speed in a way that we could step back from. But I also think that

It's not about giving up goals. It's not about stopping trying to achieve things in the future. It's about not investing the whole value of what you're doing in those future outcomes. You can't build anything, a relationship, business, creative work. You can't do it unless you are partly focused on where you're

on where you're going, but you don't have to be exclusively focused on where you're going. And I would say you probably shouldn't be exclusively focused on where you're going because it will damage the product that you're creating as well. You might fall into the efficiency trap as you call it, which is chapter two.

Right, you get completely fixated on valuing the present only in terms of how it's going to help create the future thing. And then you find what happens is that actually you get further and further away from achieving that thing, because in trying to make yourself more efficient, in trying to sort of process more and more tasks to get closer to your goal,

You make yourself more efficient and then more and more tasks like flood in to fill the excess capacity and this is Parkinson's Law and a whole lot of other kind of what goes by a whole lot of names, but it's this idea that if all you do is make yourself more efficient, then you'll just be dealing with a greater incoming volume of things.

And inbox zero, I felt, was the perfect example of that in your book where the better you get at sending emails and replying fast, in fact, the more replies you get. And people come to know you as having a reputation of emails back quickly, which is going to get even more emails. And then the challenge of getting to inbox zero becomes increasingly harder. And then you find yourself drowning.

Yeah, absolutely, right. And it's just when you spell it out like that, it's like, of course. And, you know, I remember when I was a young journalist sort of feeling overwhelmed by the number of articles I was being asked to write. So you get really, really better at writing them really fast and you get a reputation for being able to write quite a long, complicated article in a short amount of time. Like, who's the editor going to ask when the next one comes up, right? I mean, you know, I got a lot of benefit from being the person that the editor asked, but it certainly didn't make me less busy.

Yeah, I think I have that a bit with my peer at the moment. I've got a reputation with her being able to do 50 meetings a day. So my calendar is now 50 meetings a day. And we've actually forgotten about the concept of like, I need to eat at some point. So there's no, I looked at my calendar the other day and I'm, she's superb and in fact, she does exactly what I've always asked her to do. So she's not at fault here I am, but I looked at my calendar the day and I was with her and I go,

Isn't it funny? It's like every minute of the next 14 hours is scheduled, but there's no space for lunch or just like sending a voice in it to my girlfriend. So I've kind of like mis-priotised my life, but again, it's because I've not fought back against that. By being successful at being efficient, I've brought more efficiency into my life and taken away things that give me meaning like connecting with my girlfriend or my mother or my family or passions.

I'd be interested to know if this resonates with you. For me, when I've got into that kind of groove, that place where you're pursuing efficiency, at the expense of everything else, for me anyway, part of what's going on was always to do with self-worth. It's this idea that you've got to get to this point where you are this optimal and this efficient and productive

that you wouldn't really be justifying your existence on the planet somehow if you didn't do all these things. And so I think lots and lots of people who sort of accomplish stuff.

are driven to accomplish stuff because they feel like they need to accomplish stuff, like it's not OK if they don't accomplish stuff. And so that is a kind of never-ending treadmill as well, because why are you going to decide that any particular given level of output or accomplishment is the one where you can relax? And I think one of the things I'm always at pains to try to get across talking about this book is that

This is meant to be a relaxing message, right? I think this is a liberating message that can be like a weight off your shoulders because if you, if you see that what you were doing was trying to do an impossible amount in order to feel like okay about yourself on some deep buried level. What if you really begin to internalize that it's impossible?

then it can't be what you need to do in order to feel okay about yourself. Maybe you're okay already. And then the things that you do in the world are kind of extra. And then I think that the message of our being finite, the message of our being limited is not, so now you've got to squeeze value out of every moment and go base jumping every weekend or something otherwise have you really lived. It's much more like, okay, oh great. The pressure's off. I can't do an impossible amount. I can only do a few of the things that seem like they matter.

So all I need to do is choose for now which ones seem the most important and focus on them and give my energy to them.

It's much more doable. I can completely relate to that attachment of efficiency to self-worth. It felt like you were calling me out. The other thing I have, which I just realized, as you were saying, was because I've become successful in the eyes of society, quote unquote, I'm now also trying to live up to my own external reputation that people have of me. People say, oh, Steve, you're

You never sleep. You work so hard. So when I have days where I don't work really hard and I clearly just achieved nothing that day, I'm haunted by almost my reputation, which is largely false. My reputation that I don't sleep and that I'm working all the time and that I'm super productive and that I'm organized and I don't procrastinate, I'll tell you now, it is a load of bullshit.

Some days, a lot of days I do way less than the people around me, but I do have those moments now where if I have an unproductive day, or I've slept until midday for whatever reason, which happens a lot, by the way, or I've procrastinated, which happens every day, or I'm really in productive.

You're not being Steve Bartlett. You're letting down your reputation. You're a fraud. You are a fraud. I get that a lot. That feeling of like, it doesn't like cripple me, but that feeling of, oh, if I look at today and I look up the reputation of Stephen Bartlett, I am a fraud.

It's fascinating. I think it's a lot worse with a high public profile, but I do think it's almost a universal trait that a lot of people have. A lot of people who are thinking about, we've talked before about being, I was just a sort of your

Garden variety high achievers school right like the kid getting the a grades or whatever and and and a lot of people in that situation have what is called in psychology probably know like a they have a fixed mindset rather than a growth mindset right so one of the consequences of this is every time you do well.

It's not something to be happy about because you did well, it's like something to feel pressure about because now that's the bar that you've got to reach next time and it's like, you know, suddenly your success has become this standard that you've now got to meet every single time in the future. And that is like, it's a agonizing way to live. Usually that's people thinking,

that they're in a critic demands it or their parents demand it. Obviously, the bigger your audience, the more you can fall into thinking that there are hundreds and hundreds of thousands of people who demand it. But of course, that also gives you the power to do something very helpful and liberating for those people when you break the fourth wall or whatever and point out that it isn't like that.

The other one that I always get is the morning routine. People will send me on Instagram, like, what Steve, can you tell us your morning routine? And I can almost imagine them at home, like sending the DM and being sat there with their notepad, running my response. And I'm like, honestly, I sometimes get out a bit at 11. Sometimes I don't sleep, so I end up getting at 1. Sometimes, you know, I'll get out at 6. There's no green juice. For me, there's no yoga. There's no

continual meditation or run or whatever. It's a sloppy mess, the whole process. The whole process of me waking up is a really sloppy mess. I'm trying to improve. I bring people here that talk about morning routines. It still doesn't seem to work. But despite of that, I'm happy. My businesses have gone well. I've managed to achieve my ambitions, despite of my total imperfection in most key areas that the happiness industry would assert

Because they need to sell you complex things, why would you buy? If the truth is that he's going to be imperfect and that's okay, maybe I'm okay, you said that. If that's the truth, it's hard to sell you it. But that's the truth as I know it. And that's why I enjoy these conversations. One thing I did talk about there was procrastination.

And this is a topic which I think honestly plagues people into feeling like they are inadequate. If I make a video on my Instagram about procrastination, it will outperform everything. Relationships perform the best. Number two is anything with the title procrastination. Maybe I'll title this video about procrastination and it will do really well. Why do people procrastinate?

Well, they watch those videos presumably while they should be getting on with there, getting on with the working questions. That's probably why I can subscribe. The procrastination videos are really popular. One level, there's lots of different reasons, fear of failure, fear of success, fear of all sorts of different things. But at the deep level, I make the argument anyway, you don't want to feel what it feels like to be limited and imperfect. And so if you hold on to a project, if you keep it in your mind in the world of fantasy,

It can stay perfect. It can be later that you're going to do this great thing. Any action that actually brings things into the world involves a confrontation with your limitations. Maybe you're not going to have the talent for it. Maybe it's not going to be well received. Maybe it's going to be too complicated. If I'm trying to write a chapter of a book, like the stakes are high for me because I want it to go well, but I don't know that it is going to go well. I want it to be well received, but I don't know that it will be well received.

so much nicer to just spend that time doing something kind of pointless and, you know, scrolling around or whatever, because, yeah, because I don't have to have confront my limitations. And what I want to try to convey in that topic, in this book anyway, I think, is to say, look,

bringing anything into the world, studying for any qualification, doing any kind of creative work, launching any kind of business. The imperfection is guaranteed. You definitely aren't going to get to bring it into the world in exactly in tune with your fantasy. And everyone is in the same boat. And this is completely unavoidable and baked in.

So you might as well do it, right? Because it's like people, I think people, they get caught up in themselves. They think, well, I'm going to make fool myself or I'm going to let myself down or I'm going to let my friends or my parents down. But it's like, no, the imperfection, the fact that it will stumble and not be everything you dreamed it could have been.

That ship is sailed, like that's just for everyone. So now can we just move forward and do our imperfect things and lots of them will turn out to be fantastic things, but they will all be imperfect because that's what it is to bring things into the world as a human being. Knowing that, having written a chapter in your book called Becoming a Better Procrastinator, do you still procrastinate?

Yes, I always feel like my point about that I get asked this question and I'm always like, look, you've got to compare me with who I was before, not with this perfect person, because I am not that perfect person, but I am a lot better at it than I was. Yeah, and where I stumble,

on that is not so much anymore with the idea that it's got to be like perfect standard because if you spend a few years as a journalist, you get that sort of beaten out of you, right? Because like deadlines come, deadlines come, you just got to send the thing in and you stop thinking after a while that your glorious prose has got to be perfect. You can't let it out of your sight until it's perfect because it's just never how it works.

where I still run into trouble is that I do feel this urge to feel in control of all the things that are going on in my life and all things going on in my work. So it's very tempting for me to say, you know, I've got to write that really important thing or I've got to think through this really important thing. But first I'm going to make sure that all my inboxes are under control and then I'm going to do all that admin about finances that I'd left and I better sort of

And then you before you know it's like better like rearrange my desk all the pens are straightened up whatever displacement activities things that make me feel. More in control of my world but actually don't move the things I care about for the most.

And I'm getting better on that too, but that's the thing. That's where the struggle is for me. I will definitely spend like long periods of time getting my ducks in a row and clearing the decks. And I write in the book about how you've really got to try and fight this urge to clear the decks because they will never be clear, right? So you've got to just get on with things. But yeah, work in progress for sure. That's a very honest answer. I'm glad to hear that. You and me both.

In that chapter about procrastination, you talk a lot about focus as well in the idea of avoiding your middling priorities, which I thought was really good advice. Could you talk a little bit about the importance of avoiding middling priorities? Certainly. The story that dramatizes this is this idea that some people may have heard about. It's attributed to Warren Buffett, but I think probably it didn't come from Warren Buffett. People often just take wise sayings and say that Warren Buffett said that. I wish they do that with me.

with Warren Buffett, Buddha, and Confucius. So hopefully you as well. Yes, right, right, right. But he is supposed to have been asked like, how do you decide what to prioritize in life? And to have replied that you should make a list of your top 25 goals in life and order them numerically from one to 25 and then take the top five on that list and really focus on them in your life and take the next 20 and avoid them like the plague.

because they are the ones that you care about enough to let them distract you from the top five, but not the ones that are easy to let go of because you don't really care about them. They belong in this middle zone.

whether or not that exercise is a useful exercise. The principle here, I think, is that you have to sort of be especially wary of claims on your attention and your time that do matter a bit, but just not as much as the things that you care about the most. It's very easy to, people talk all the time about the importance of learning to say no, right? But people often, I think in the

There's a subtext there. They think what that means is if you just learn to say no to all the stuff you don't want to do, you can spend your time doing stuff you do want to do. But I quote actually Elizabeth Gilbert, the writer in the book saying like, no, it's way harder than that. You have to say no to things that you do want to do because there are more things that matter than you have time for. So middling priorities are, you know, that friendship that

Yeah, it's fine, you know, it's nice when you meet up with that person, but it's not neither of you getting that much out of it. And it's taking another hour away from, I don't know, your partner, your child, your best friend, you know, definitely sort of.

Work projects that sort of, yeah, you can do them. You could handle that. It might make you a little bit of money or, you know, whatever, but it's just not, it's not the number one thing. It takes quite a lot to resist those because they are, they're not unimportant. They're just not important enough.

And it feels like more is more, but as the phrase goes in this context, less is more. I've observed that in my life anyway, if you want to be successful in business, then focusing on one as opposed to having three startups is much better. But some people will brag about how many businesses they run or how many things they do, as if they believe that that makes them more valuable. They'll brag about how many friends they have as opposed to the quality of them. And it tends to be the case that that phrase less is more is true in the sense of,

Focusing on less things gives you much more meaning and depth in life, and that's ultimately what matters. Actually, I think it's probably the way to accomplish more things as well. One thing that I've found, I can't talk on the level of businesses launched, but only on the level of articles and books written, is the degree to which I can do things sequentially.

and train myself to do one big thing at a time and wait till it's finished before you move to the next one. It takes a lot, it takes kind of guts to do it because it feels better to have a finger in every part once. But to the extent that I can do that, to that extent I get more of those things done. Because you make most of them wait, you focus on one, you do it and then it's finished and then you bring the next one in and you do that.

And it's so tempting to sort of dissipate your energies because I think it makes you feel, we're back to the same idea, right? It makes you feel limitless. It makes you feel like you can wrap your arms around the whole world. It stops people, in the case of my work, it stops people pestering you because like, where's that thing you said you'd do? And it's very nice to live in that world of sort of multitasking and multi-projects, but it's not the most effective way to get the things done.

Yeah, I'm struggling with that, I think, for sure. And I think as well, when you've got more opportunities, like, get a lot of people sending me a lot of things to do these days, a lot of things that I could do. It becomes an even greater and more important skill to master. So the amount of, like, we had one day last week where they're like every journalist across these multiple newspapers wants to speak to you about this, I made this donation.

There's part of me that goes, oh yeah, that's, you know, do all of these TV things that day, but then of course it comes at the cost of something else. And we never really focus on the costs, right? It seems like, and that's kind of the case I have in my mind sometimes is I'm too focused on the benefit of doing the thing as if, you know, which is basically the premise of your book that like,

as if my time was unlimited. But I remember reading about this thing, which has weirdly stated my mind for many years, this idea that they believe humans can only juggle a certain amount of balls because of the physics of a ball going up and then the speed in which one could possibly move. So they think it's 14 and nobody's been able to break up the world record ever.

Is that the record? The 14th balls. No one's ever been able to juggle more than 14 balls. And that record has held because of the physics of the balls going up and the way that they would collide if you made it 15. And that made me think there is a physical limitation to the amount of balls we can physically juggle as humans. And the balls you pick up come at the expense of the ones you don't. Yeah. And that's, I've tried to remember that, that I have to pick my 14 balls in life. Oh, hopefully not fucking 14. I can probably do two.

but I have to pick my balls in life and realize that everyone I pick is at the expense of another. And even looking at, you know, I write in my book that I really love waffles, but I also like, wanna have a six pack. I can only pick one. You know what I mean? Really, I can only, you know, it's a metaphor, but like, I have to choose which one's important. And it's the same with cheating. Some people might like having sex, but they also might like having a relationship. And you have to realize that if you wanna be in a faithful relationship, it comes at the cost of something.

Right, no. And I think that, yes, we spend so much effort trying to avoid thinking about costs or trying to avoid incurring them. But again, there's something freeing about seeing that you are always incurring costs, that every decision to spend an hour doing anything is a decision to not spend it doing other things, that every path you choose, you're declining to choose all these other paths.

It's painful because it means that like loss is built in to living a human life, but it's also.

It's so unavoidable. There's nothing that can be done about that. That's just built into being finite. So in a way, we can relax about that. Actually, if there wasn't cost, though, things wouldn't be special. If I could have the best of both worlds, then the one I choose wouldn't have it. Scarcity adds value, they say. Totally. There's philosophical work going back on, would you actually want to be immortal if you could.

No, and I agree. Yeah, I don't think you would because I think as I writes in the book, like, if you were a mortal, the answer to the question, should I do X with my day to day would always just be who cares. Like, because if you didn't do it today, you could do it on any number of other days to the stretching off into infinity. So I think absolutely it's not pleasant to confront off in a tube, but life would have no meaning if it went, if it didn't stop. You write about watermelons in your book.

Chapter five is about the watermelon problem. The famous BuzzFeed watermelon. This was like what five years ago now. Two journalists from BuzzFeed put rubber bands around the watermelon and they just kept adding rubber bands. Things like 600 and something rubber bands before the watermelon just exploded.

That was the end of the Facebook Live. But the point that I'm using it to make is that millions of people watch that. And I'm not like, I don't think there's anything terrible with spending an hour of your life watching people put rubber bands around a watermelon, but they didn't choose to watch it. That's a very clear example of the way in which, especially in the sort of attention economy that we live in now, your attention is incredibly important because what you pay attention to

Just is your life right what over the course of a life whatever you paid attention to is just just what your life was and yet it's very easily hijackable and.

And, you know, nobody who ended up watching that hour got up that morning thinking what I'd really like to do today is spend an hour watching people put rubber bands around the watermelon. So it's just really the question of distraction, the question of how we steward our attention. And again, if you want to break in the middle of the day and someone's doing some stunt involving a watermelon, fine. Right. But just bringing consciousness to that fact that when we pay attention to things, we are paying very literally

with little chunks of our life. Have you found any practical ways to make yourself less distracted by such compelling videos? There's really two parts to this. I think one is, especially in the modern era, one is the source of the distraction. So definitely like I don't have social media on my phone. I do that on a laptop exclusively.

I've sort of have a sort of ever shifting and never, never perfectly observed set of personal rules about like when I will turn to my email and when I will turn to the internet and when I will be trying to be sort of offline and focused on writing and thinking.

But the other side of it, I think, is the distractibility, not just the things that are reaching out to grab our attention, but the fact that we go along willingly with this stuff. And again, it's just my one thesis. But I think the reason that we're doing that is because it's much more comfortable than focusing on hard stuff. Focusing on hard stuff is

is unpleasant sometimes because it brings us into contact with our limitations and then distraction is much nicer thing to do with that time because it doesn't. So really a big part of this for me and it's been definitely a slow gradual thing. It's not a sort of one clever trick or something is just to expect a certain amount of discomfort in things that matter, right? Just to sort of, just to expect that

writing. I keep using this example because it's personal to me, but it feels difficult. Cal Newport, who wrote the book Deep Work and Digital Minimalism, who's very good on this, has this argument that what people call writer's block, that's just a feeling of writing, because it's a hard thing to do. Sometimes you might get into flow, great, but most of the time it's probably going to be a question of

It's like a little bit hard, and the analogy that people always use is with weightlifting, right? I mean, you don't expect that to feel non-uncomfortable, not that I have great experience of it, but you don't...

There are certain areas where things where sort of growth involves discomfort and we're okay with that. And then there are other areas often involving cognitive activities and where we were somehow deeply offended that it feels a bit difficult to do it. But no, it does. The other thing that I always think is extraordinarily difficult is really listening to another person, right? It never really gets super easy that I think, especially in relationships, right?

to really concentrate on what someone is saying and not just to be thinking, oh, but then when they're finished, this is what I'm going to say. It takes effort. And if your response to that feeling of effort is like, I can't feel effort, it must be easy, then it's going to be much more tempting to just be like checking your phone when you should be listening or something. So just a bit of a willingness to experience mild discomfort. I think it's kind of a superpower.

Yeah, and obviously there's a lot of social narratives that point to it as being a failure. Like you're right, even the phrase writers block.

The word block doesn't feel like very natural. It feels like there's something that must be like... You've got a disorder, right? Yeah, yeah, yeah. And a lot is so funny because you said at the start of this, some of these new inventions are really holding us back like words and vocabulary. Like there's so many of them. Even I talk a lot about in my book, the idea of finding your passion. There's so many like things hidden within that phrase.

First, you have to go in search of it because of the word find. So people go, they go off in search of this thing that they think they can find. It alludes to the fact that it's singular, because the word passion is singular. So I'm looking for a Easter egg somewhere.

We're trying to go in search and find. And if I don't find it, then I'm a failure. And much of the messages I get in my DMs, as I've said before, are kids that are feeling inadequate and like they are a failure because they haven't found their passion. When did you say, well, maybe it's not something that you have to go in search of necessarily. Maybe there's more than one. It can be a really liberating thing. And I think words generally are really constrained and they cause people a ton of, like, are you in love? My mum comes home, I'm dating someone. She goes, is it love?

Immediately after my brain scrambles around, I try to figure out what I feel is the same as the definition that she feels, because I said I love to peanut butter, but this is different. And also, if it gets a binary response, yes or no? Yeah. It makes you so self-conscious that you can't actually give yourself to the experience. That's reminding me of...

when i became a father like literally 95% of people who i interacted with who were parents themselves already would would say um oh you should really savor these early months with a newborn baby it's so special you should really savor it and this is true it is incredibly special you should savor it.

But all it did to me was have me thinking like, oh my goodness, am I savoring this in the right way? And then of course, you're certainly not savoring it in that time because you're just like lost in your head. And it's like this. Yeah, absolutely. It's just another, it's another example of it, right? Yeah. And then I guess the answer is to liberate yourself from the expectation of like words and phrases and expect social expectations that you should feel and act a certain way and be able to answer certain questions.

Yeah, or just to understand that, you know, yeah, things are complicated and you only stay sort of congeal over time and you sometimes you only understand things in the rearview mirror and you just sort of have to navigate intuitively. You probably do know when you're in a relationship and you don't know if it's love.

You probably do know if it feels like it's got forward motion, or if it feels terribly stagnant, or if you can sort of intuit these things, even if you can't slot them into these kind of rigid categories.

I might get this quite wrong, but when you're talking about sea cognitive behavioral therapy, and in fact, we can achieve a form of which may be better than cognitive behavioral therapy of that therapy with like self analysis in various ways. And for me, this podcast and the diary that I had to keep originally when it first started to do it, and also this obligation I have to make content for the world has been one of the greatest forms of like therapy I've ever encountered.

I always, I think it's like one of the unappreciated ways to arrive at self awareness, overcome your own bullshit and yeah, which is having to write and to think and having to try and find the truth in your own experience. Yeah. Can you relate to that? No, totally. I know. For me, I mean, there's lots of research about how writing down

Your personal problems, for example, is incredibly like journaling. It works and it's proven to work. It's not necessarily because you come up with solutions, although that can happen. It's because you end up, you sort of have to take this third person stance on your own mental contents. And you have to do that for sure if you're trying to package it in some form that other people can benefit from or can understand. So writing for an audience is absolutely an example of that.

There's something incredibly powerful in seeing your issues, your interests, whatever, from the perspective of another person. I think it's related to that thing about how so often in life, our friends can see what we need to do or what's needed in our lives a bit more clearly than we can because you're sort of them.

You can't see the wood for the trees inside your own head, but they can be like, no, very obviously, you need to do this and then this. So it's a little bit of that effect as well. And how you can always give better advice than you live by. No, absolutely. Tell me about it.

The consequences of having this highly efficient, productivity-focused life, you see it in people. You were talking earlier about the great innovators of the world that managed to focus on a set of priorities. But when you ask these people if they're happy, like Elon Musk, if he's happy, no, I know that he thinks Elon Musk is happy. And I think he said in the Rogan interview that you wouldn't like to be me, you wouldn't like to be ahead.

But we still seem to pursue that over what we think will make us happy, well, what will clearly make us happy anyway.

I think that all of us have something inside us that we're sort of here, if this doesn't sound too supernatural, that we're sort of here to express and to put out into the world. I think it gets complicated because some people, I don't want to accuse Elon Musk of this, but

I think it's probably very often true of certain kind of very driven people. It's not just that they're sort of trying to bring their gift into the world. It's an odd and not necessarily helpful way of trying to sort out certain psychological issues they have. So they feel that they have to achieve a certain amount because

They were not given sufficient unconditional love by their parents so they need it from the world or they feel that they need to justify their existence in some way. And then it gets hard to know when to stop, it gets hard to tell the difference between success and things that are truly bringing you happiness.

But at the same time, it's important to not suggest, I think, that the ideal is to be for everyone, is to be so completely chilled out that all you would want to do is lie on a beach and not create things in one way or another. That might be appropriate for some people.

There is this fear when I talk about this stuff and write about the stuff of like, oh, wouldn't it lead you to just think, well, why do anything? You know, wouldn't we all just lead us to be side of nihilists in that way? And I don't think so for that reason. But I also think, like, let's cross that bridge when we come to it. We're already, we're all so driven and so sort of trying to get more and more and more done, but there's not a huge risk yet of us becoming so zen about all these things that we kind of stop achieving entirely.

I pondered that a lot in my life. This idea that, because one of the things you said earlier was, maybe I'm OK. This kind of realization, maybe I am already enough. Maybe none of these goals are going to increase my value. Maybe even if I become a multi-millionaire, Steve Bartlett is just going to be worth one, Steve Bartlett still. I pondered that when I became a millionaire. When my company listed on the stock market,

And I thought, well, this doesn't feel any different. In fact, the anti-climax makes me feel pretty bad. The expectation that I was going to feel like I was more worthy that the anti-climax of that had made me feel worse. And then asking myself the question, well, if I am already enough, then what's the point in striving for more? And my conclusion on all of this ponderance was that realizing that I'm enough is actually the foundation for real ambition.

And when I was insecure enough to believe that money or a Lamborghini might make me more, I was striving for things that weren't my real ambitions. They were social ambitions. And the minute you realize you're enough and that Lamborghini isn't gonna do it, then you start re-planning your ambitions and go, do you know what I actually love doing is piano? And hanging out with my niece. So that feeling that I am enough is the foundation for real ambition.

I think that's a great, such a good way of putting it. I mean, the way I've sometimes thought about this is sort of ambition and achievement and creation. They don't have to be the thing you're doing, the thing that you need to do in order to get somewhere. They can be the thing you do just to express the fact that it's great to be here and they're great to have these skills and these opportunities.

I'm not religious, but there is this idea in Christianity that I keep running up against now because people contact me and say, have you thought about this because it's clearly related? This notion of grace that you can't justify yourself by your works in the world. You can't achieve salvation by what you do.

but you also don't, in this model anyway, you don't need to achieve it either, because you're already justified in the eyes of God, if you're a religious person. And so the reason that you do things like this, from the reason that you then do stuff in the world, is again, it's just like, yeah, it's for the, it's an act of like glorification or worship, right? Or for, as we were saying, like just expressing the fact that it's great to be able to do these things and like,

hey, you could never have been born. So it's not a reason to not do things. It's that you're not doing them to try to justify yourself in the eyes of the world, or if you're religious, be in the eyes of God, whatever. But it doesn't mean you don't do things. It just means you do them from a different motivation, which is like, hey, I get to do these things. That's great. I feel like these existential thinkers are somewhat tortured. Do you relate to that?

Sure, I think there's a philosopher who died recently, Brian McGee, who talks about the distinction between people who have philosophical problems and don't. What he means is that from the age of five, he can remember lying on a field, looking up at the sky and thinking,

Well, it can't be that the universe stops somewhere, but it also can't be that it goes on forever. Like, what? And yeah, and saying that there are people who are sort of troubled by these things in some real personal way, and then there are people who are not troubled by those things, and they may be very intelligent and deep people, but they don't have these kind of like

Hold on, what's it all about? I'm one of the people who does, and it sounds like you are too. But there would be something nice to not be, perhaps. In your book, you say that we're addicted to the speed of life.

Is that true? And why is it an addiction? I'm talking there about the acceleration of the culture, the fact that everything moves so fast that we're able to do so many things so much more quickly, travel, communicate, cook food, than we once could, and why it's a

If you stop and think about it, it's really weird that all that technology and all that acceleration has not left us feeling more relaxed and chilled out, right? Because it saves time. The world that has 747s in it and microwaves in it and the internet in it or by rights to feel much calmer because it's all the time is saved. But of course, it doesn't have that effect.

that has that effect on nobody. It makes everybody feel more impatient and rushed. And I think that the reason that the frame of addiction makes sense, I'm drawing on the work of a therapist called Stephanie Brown, who was herself an alcoholic, got sober with AA, then started being a therapist in Silicon Valley to various people in that sort of first.com boom, around like 2000s.

And seeing in them this trait in their addiction to urge what she called their addiction to urgency, their addiction to speed that reminded her very much of her youthful experiences as an alcoholic. Namely that your sort of life speeds up, you feel overwhelmed, you think that going faster, it has got to be the solution, right? If you go even faster, then you can cope with all this rush of incoming information, incoming opportunities, whatever it is.

So you go faster but then you find that actually that's just increased the speed of everything and now you need to go faster still and it's a sort of it's a spiral and you crash. There's controversy about talking about addiction whether it should be kept as a sort of strictly kind of medical idea but

I think that's really, it resonates with me because I feel like it's very tempting in this world that feels like there's so much stuff to stay on top of and it moves at such a tempo. There is this notion that the only solution is for you to go even faster than it to be able to encompass all of that. And this is not going to work because you are never going to be able to, there is an infinite supply, right? There's an effectively infinite number of emails you could receive.

demands your boss could make, opportunities you could pursue, businesses you could start, whatever. So getting faster at going through an infinite supply, you don't get to the end of that because it's infinite. So Stephanie Brown's advice to her clients and I think it's very useful is that all of us who are sort of moving at this speed need to experiment a little bit with like what it feels like to just

Slow down to the speed that things take and say, you know what, if I'm going to read this novel, and it takes my time and it takes, I need to read slowly and focus. I'm just going to like, yeah, it's not going to feel great at first, right, because we are wired for racing through things.

And it doesn't feel great at first, but it is a path to a much deeper kind of engagement with the world. One of the things I do in the book is I write about this exercise that I did that is recommended by an art historian at Harvard University, who I went to interview, who she has all her students choose a painting and go and look at it for three hours. Sit on a little bench, whatever, and just look at that painting for three hours. Take notes if you want, but you're not allowed to get up.

And she knows it's like it's completely insane for almost anybody today to visit you doing something like that for three hours. But that's why she that's why she suggests it and you know for the first hour it's incredibly uncomfortable because you're not in charge anymore you can't race through the day in the way that you were accustomed to doing but it is so.

useful because getting through that discomfort to what lies on the other side is so empowering. I think patience is really a kind of a superpower in the modern world. And in the context of a painting, what happens is you literally see things in the painting that you hadn't seen in the first 45 minutes. I mean, it's bizarre. In the context of work, creative work, business, I think it's more just that when it

Everyone is racing as fast as they are today. There's actually real power in being able to resist that and let things take the time they take and think about something for a few more days if that's what it takes. You actually can have more success that way as well as feel less like a headless chicken. Is there a role of impatience though? Is there a role somewhere in life for impatience?

depends how you define it, right? So in the book, I'm talking about impatience as wanting things to go faster than you can have them go. So then I'd say like, no, there's never any, even if you're sort of

driving somebody to the hospital because they're going to labor or something. It's like, you should do that really fast, you should be urgent, you should prioritise that, and you should drive as fast as is practical. But even then, it's probably not worth feeling frustrated that you're stuck in traffic or something. If impatience is that kind of frustration,

at the fact that you have limited control over how fast the world goes, how fast something happens, then no. I mean, it's just wild, right? We now are much more impatient. Like if a web page takes five seconds to load, like you can feel it. It's ridiculous. But as if somebody says, yeah, I'll put that stuff in the mail and you'll get it in three days. You're like, that's fine, right? It's the speak for yourself. Okay. The mail? I'm sure, yeah. Those of us who still use it. What's that mean? But like that,

The faster things get, the more offensive it is when they still only take a few seconds, when there's a few seconds delay. If we're using the word in another way to mean having a sort of hunger for things to change in your life or change in society, you're not willing to sort of sit around and be a doormat while things, when you could change things, then sure. I think that's a different kind of impatience, and I'm sure it has a role.

in your book you talk about embracing radical incrementalism. What does that mean for you? This is the idea that there are contexts where really being willing to make progress on the basis of little and often, right? Kind of gradual progress to do a tiny bit at a time and not kind of binging on the things you're trying to achieve.

can be really powerful. Again, I'm sorry to keep coming back to writing as an example, but the work that I'm drawing on there from a psychologist called Robert Boyce who studied academics who write and trying to figure out who are the ones who actually get a ton of papers published and a ton of books written and who are the ones who get mired in procrastination and paralysis. And he found that the really productive people in that sphere were the ones who made writing a

a modest part of their daily life. It occupied a couple of hours, maybe, as opposed to the ones who made it into this huge thing that then became very intimidating and they got all sorts of psychodramas going on with it, because it was something they were willing to do for a little bit.

leave aside, come back to, and I think this applies to, especially applies to anything that is like brain work, but I think it applies to pretty much all kinds of endeavor, right? There's often a huge benefit in being willing to say, well, I'm going to work on this for a tiny amount of time today, and I'm going to stop even if I'm on a roll, right? When my time is up, I'm going to stop.

And then I'm going to come back. It makes it something that you can sustain day after day after day. If you do the opposite of incrementalism, right? If you give this, if you give this sort of absolutely center stage in your life, then if it goes well, great. But if it doesn't go well, it becomes this kind of huge intimidating thing. And I've found that, you know, if I'm working on a book, say,

really sort of almost embarrassingly small workdays on it, regularly done, day after day after day, so much more productive, like in terms of the actual output. The deadlines, because when I wrote my book, I think the deadline of having to send to the publisher just hung over me and was like forcing me to, okay, speak today, you have to write 3,000 words.

Yeah, the deadlines have their role, right? And I, you know, I would have got nowhere without deadlines in newspapers because they sort of kept, they sort of helped me sort of bust through perfectionism and stuff because it was just literally, you know, it's, I did these things on a, I would write these kind of features for the Guardian where I had to like, that the idea came to me or was given to me at like 10, 13 in the morning and 5 p.m. they needed a two and a half thousand word researched article. He's just be like, okay, I've just got to do it.

But in a way, I'm sort of training myself out of that now. And I think that it isn't perfectly OK, and it's fine. But it isn't sustainable. I think that to really, over the long haul, be able to do something like writing I've found requires that I have

acquire this ability for sort of dogged persistence rather than, you know, cruising to the deadline. Another topic that people hate talking about, or that at least it seems to make people really uncomfortable. And I sometimes I just bring up the conversation because I like to see, I find the reaction to be really... What's coming?

I find the reaction to be really fascinating is this idea, which you talk about, which is that we need to embrace our relative irrelevance in the world. And when I say this to people, you can see it sometimes shattering something in them, the idea that they don't matter. In the grand scheme of the universe, they really don't matter.

What is the upside of embracing my own irrelevance, this idea? And do I matter, Oliver? Depends what you mean by matter. Do I matter in the grand scheme of the universe? I don't really think any of us. What I want to say about this is...

If you adopt cosmic timescale, if you love the history of the cosmos, or even just the planet, no human life, or even anything that is done in a human life, almost nothing will outlive us. And the things that do outlive slight people inventing great scientific breakthroughs or something,

Even then, the period that these have been relevant if you look at the cosmos is still like a tiny blink of an eye.

I think there is a sort of inbuilt bias that most of us have, not just the ones who are megalomaniacs, but almost all of us, to think sort of subliminally of history as having led up to like our bit of history, right? And then to think of the decisions that we take and the things that we're doing as fundamentally the most important things that are going on in that bit of history.

And on some level, we probably have to, just to be able to get up in the morning. You can't think of yourself as this tiny, pimpric of light in the middle of eons of darkness, of the cosmos, from the big bang to the universe ends or whatever.

Actually, you can really get bogged down in that. You can really be like, well, you can spend a long time mind and in decision about things because you've built the stakes up in your head to an enormous degree. You can really get sort of depressed about whether you can really have an impact on things because it has to be something that lives for millennia after you're gone or something.

When you realize how little most of it's going to matter quite soon, some people do go down that into despair and horror. But I think that is a reason to be like, why not take the risk? Why not do the bold things? The stakes are a lot lower than you thought the universe doesn't really care. You don't need to worry about whether you're fulfilling your purpose that the universe had laid down for you because

The kind of isn't one. And that's actually it's liberating, as I keep saying. And it's a reason to sort of experimentally do the things that seem to you like the coolest things to do. Then what you can do is you can use a definition of mattering according to which so much that we do matters, right? Because I think it's difficult for people to remember that like, I don't know, I don't want to use a definition of a meaningful life.

that rules out some very mundane things like caring for a sick relative, cooking nutritious meals for your kids, making your neighborhood a slightly more beautiful place to live in. We don't want to definition of the meaning of a lot of meaningful lives that says none of those things are meaningful surely. I can imagine that it's an interesting issue for people who

people who look up to you specifically for example thinking that thinking that it's actually like they gotta emulate you in order to be doing something meaningful rather than be inspired by you which is different which is a different point right because actually very very.

everyday mundane things can be meaningful and it's quite possible that the most fulfilled people on the planet are precisely the ones you never hear from because they're doing low profile things. And then, you know, I have this theory, maybe it's insulting to you this theory, but I have this theory that like the more of a public profile someone has, and I have a modest one, so it supplies to me too, but like that's probably like to that degree.

It's like they're screwed up in some way because they have some problem with not being ordinary. And then, you know, the Hollywood A-list, those people are probably the most messed up. No, it is. I mean, it definitely begets more problems. I noticed that this week. I had a journalist email me saying that five years ago, one of your ex and police says your dog did a poop in the office and you didn't pick it up.

I thought, fucking hell. This is what my life has become. Genuinely. I've been pondering it ever since I received that email that now that my life is of somewhat public interest, it means every full time I might have made or didn't make

is now I'm now going to be like scrutinized for, and I'm now going to have to justify, because if I don't, then my life could be cancelled, which is a tough bar to live by, and one I wish I didn't have to live by, to be honest, but it is fascinating, because if I had said that our own death and irrelevance could be a motivating force,

It doesn't appear on the surface that that that makes sense but I completely agree that my own fine like the finality of my life in my own irrelevance to things that liberate me from getting caught up in the idea that a comment on instagram matters or how my hair is matters and that hopefully liberates me enough to go in the pursuit of things that do provide me with my own subjective meaning in life so.

Yeah, and that help other people and lift other people up, right? It's not that when I talk, I talk in the book about cosmic insignificance, and I sort of mean that, right? It's like from the perspective of the cosmos. No, it doesn't matter, but that doesn't mean that it doesn't matter. It can matter to.

people here today, you know? One of the things we do in this podcast, a longstanding tradition is we ask people who have just come in to leave a question for the next guest. So the last guest leaves a question for the next guest. Before I do that, in the back of your book, you leave the reader five questions for them to ponder. I wanted to ask you one of your own questions from the five that you left. So I'm going to go for question four, in which areas of your life are you still holding back until you feel like you know what you're doing?

Yeah, this is definitely one that speaks to me. Obviously, I put the questions in because they speak to me, but this is this difficulty that I think we all have, but I really have had with realizing that on some level, everyone is winging it.

So it sort of speaks to imposter syndrome and things like that and not feeling, not launching into things until you feel that you're, that you're ready. Recently, since the book was out, I've been giving more sort of talks and speeches than I ever have done in my life before.

You know, I've sort of been forced into not holding back on that because the invitations come in and I say yes to them and it's like, oh my God, I got to do this. That is something where I feel perpetually unready. And if it was up to me, I would probably have left it, you know, some more. I mean, it was up to me, but if I'd felt that it was up to me, I would have left it some more years to sort of get really good at doing that.

and I'm not ready, but it seems to be going okay. I kind of evaded that question by giving an example of something where I'm not holding back because I'm actually doing them.

I think that answer was really good. Does it count? No, it does count. And it really speaks to, because I also believe that had been of your own choice to get really good before you do it, you probably never would have done it, which is what most people, it's like the trap of the mind that I will launch my business when

I have some time or I will launch it when I am, I've learned something, but we never, there's never a perfect time. So unfortunately we're forced into picking it in perfect time. And now is always an imperfect time. So I always try and implore people on that basis to do the thing that they think the perfect day will enable. Now to ask you the question that our previous guest did leave. Oh.

Okay, so I never read it until I open the book. They have good handwriting, so I can read this one. Do you do enough to keep learning?

That's a very good question. No, there are definitely, I definitely aspire to make more space in my days for, especially for reading.

because it gets squeezed out by doing things related to writing and books. It actually gets hard to sort of keep that section of time for just sort of the exploration of ideas in that way. On the other hand, I want to say that things like

becoming a parent, even things like moving back from New York to the UK. Like there are certain ways in which you learn that are not like book based learning and you just sort of are dragged forwards in your education, whether you like it or not. And I think in those ways, it's more a question of seeing what you're being taught and that you are learning than needing to make more time for learning. That's an interesting question.

But also in your being pulled into speaking more and all that. Absolutely new skills that you have to sort of do. Yeah, no, totally. But it is just the honest answer is it is something that I don't feel sort of satisfied about in terms of the apportionment of my time. What about stuff like this and coming in today? I love

this kind of conversation. And I think obviously you learn from it completely. But so I think what I'm talking about is sort of, yeah, I guess it is exposing myself to new avenues of thinking that are not sort of jumping off from things that I've already thought of. Yeah, I don't know. Yeah, this kind of conversation is great.

Well, thank you. And thank you for writing such a brilliant book, one that I feel like is going to liberate people from a lot of bullshit that's holding them back in many, many ways, from stress to anxiety to feelings of inadequacy because we're trying to live up to a social expectation that is unachievable. And I think I know for a fact that based on the questions I get asked a lot in my DMs that my audience should read this book. So I implore them to do so because also the way that you write is from such a nuanced

human perspective, which is avoiding the cheap answers or the binary answers to some of the big questions about life productivity efficiency and everything that plagues us in the modern world. So thank you for writing such a great book. Thank you for your time as well. And yeah, it's been an absolute pleasure chatting to you. Thank you so much. That's so kind of you to say. I've really enjoyed it. Thank you.